Tekstil
Tekstil ili tkanina je elastični materijal sastavljen od sitnih vlakana koja čine predivo.[1][2][3] Predivo se proizvodi tako što se sirova vuna, pamuk ili drugi materijal upredaju i motaju na točak da bi se proizveli dugački kanapi prediva. Tekstil se proizvodi mešanjem, seckanjem i presovanjem vlakna zajedno.
U početku se reč „tekstil” odnosila samo na tkani tekstil. Međutim, tkanje nije jedini način proizvodnje, i kasnije su razvijene mnoge druge metode za formiranje tekstilnih struktura na osnovu njihove namene. Pletivo i netkani materijali su druge popularne vrste proizvodnje tkanina. U savremenom svetu, tekstil zadovoljava materijalne potrebe za raznovrsnu primenu, od jednostavne dnevne odeće do neprobojnih jakni, svemirskih odela i lekarskih matila.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
Tekstil se deli u dve grupe: tekstil za domaćinstvo [potrošački tekstil] i tehnički tekstil. U potrošačkom tekstilu, estetika i udobnost su najvažniji faktori, dok su kod tehničkog tekstila funkcionalna svojstva prioritet.[10][11]
Geotekstil, industrijski tekstil, medicinski tekstil i mnoge druge oblasti su primeri tehničkog tekstila, dok su odeća i nameštaj primeri tekstila široke potrošnje. Svaka komponenta tekstilnog proizvoda, uključujući vlakna, predivo, tkaninu, obradu i završnu obradu, utiče na konačni proizvod. Komponente se mogu razlikovati među različitim tekstilnim proizvodima, jer se biraju na osnovu pogodnosti za namenu.[10][12][11]
Vlakna su najmanja komponenta tkanine; vlakna se obično ispredaju u predivo, a prediva se koriste za proizvodnju tkanina.[13][12] Vlakna imaju izgled poput kose i veći odnos dužine i širine. Izvori vlakana mogu biti prirodni, sintetički ili oboje. Tehnike filcanja i vezivanja direktno pretvaraju vlakna u tkaninu. U drugim slučajevima, predivo se manipuliše različitim sistemima proizvodnje tkanina da bi se proizvele različite konstrukcije tkanine. Vlakna se uvijaju ili postavljaju tako da se napravi dugačak, neprekidan pramen prediva.[5] Prediva se zatim koriste za pravljenje različitih vrsta tkanina tkanjem, pletenjem, heklanjem, pletenjem čvorova, pravljenjem čipki ili pletenica.[14][9] Nakon proizvodnje, tekstilni materijali se obrađuju i dovršavaju kako bi dodali vrednost, kao što su estetika, fizičke karakteristike i povećana korisnost.[15] Proizvodnja tekstila je najstarija industrijska umetnost.[16] Bojenje, štampa i vez su različite dekorativne umetnosti primenjene na tekstilne materijale.[17]
Istorija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Preteče današnjeg tekstila uključuje lišće, koru, krzno i filcane tkanine.[18]
Bantonska pogrebna tkanina, najstariji postojeći primer varp ikata u jugoistočnoj Aziji, izložena je u Nacionalnom muzeju Filipina. Tkaninu su najverovatnije pravili domorodački azijski narodi severozapadnog Romblona. Prva odeća, nošena pre najmanje 70.000 godina, a možda i mnogo ranije, verovatno je bila napravljena od životinjske kože i pomogla je u zaštiti ranih ljudi od elemenata okoline. Vremenom su ljudi su naučili da tkaju biljna vlakna u tekstil. Otkriće obojenih lanenih vlakana u pećini u Republici Gruziji koja potiču iz prerioda od 34.000 pre nove ere sugeriše da su materijali slični tekstilu pravljeni još u doba paleolita.[19][20]
Brzina i obim proizvodnje tekstila izmenjeni su skoro do neprepoznatljivosti industrijalizacijom i uvođenjem savremenih proizvodnih tehnika.[21]
Tekstilna industrija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Tekstilna industrija je izrasla iz umetnosti i zanata, a održavali su je cehovi. U 18. i 19. veku, tokom industrijske revolucije, postaje sve više mehanizovana. U 20. veku, nauka i tehnologija su bile pokretačke snage.[22]
Galerija
[uredi | uredi izvor]-
Pijaca tekstila u Pakistanu
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Prodavnica u Jemenu
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Antički egipatski tekstil
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Jednostavni tekstil pod lupom
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ „An Introduction to Textile Terms” (PDF). Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 23. 07. 2006. g. Pristupljeno 6. 8. 2006.
- ^ Balter, M. (2009). „Clothes Make the (Hu) Man”. Science. 325 (5946): 1329. PMID 19745126. doi:10.1126/science.325_1329a.
- ^ Kvavadze, E.; Bar-Yosef, O.; Belfer-Cohen, A.; Boaretto, E.; Jakeli, N.; Matskevich, Z.; Meshveliani, T. (2009). „30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers”. Science. 325 (5946): 1359. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1359K. PMID 19745144. S2CID 206520793. doi:10.1126/science.1175404.
- ^ Joseph, Marjory L. (1977). Introductory textile science. Internet Archive. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston. str. 3, 4, 439. ISBN 978-0-03-089970-6.
- ^ a b Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Internet Archive. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Merrill. str. 4, 5. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7.
- ^ „textile | Description & Facts”. Encyclopedia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2021-08-19.
- ^ „Cloth”. Merriam-Webster. Arhivirano iz originala 2012-06-06. g. Pristupljeno 2012-05-25.
- ^ „Textile”. The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Pristupljeno 2012-05-25.
- ^ a b Fairchild's dictionary of textiles. Internet Archive. New York, Fairchild Publications. 1959. str. 552, 553, 211, 131.
- ^ a b v Elsasser, Virginia Hencken (2005). Textiles : concepts and principles. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Fairchild Publications. str. 8,9, 10. ISBN 978-1-56367-300-9.
- ^ a b Horrocks, A. R.; Anand, Subhash C. (2000-10-31). Handbook of Technical Textiles (na jeziku: engleski). Elsevier. str. 1 to 20. ISBN 978-1-85573-896-6.
- ^ a b „Household Textile - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics”. www.sciencedirect.com. Pristupljeno 2022-05-19.
- ^ Division, United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour (1941). Some Basic Information on the Textile Industry (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division. str. 3—6.
- ^ „Definition of FABRIC”. Arhivirano iz originala 2017-10-19. g. Pristupljeno 2017-10-18.
- ^ Choudhury, Asim Kumar Roy (2017-04-29). Principles of Textile Finishing (na jeziku: engleski). Woodhead Publishing. str. 1—10. ISBN 978-0-08-100661-0.
- ^ Atlanta Economic Review 1971-11: Vol 21 Iss 11 (na jeziku: engleski). Internet Archive. College of Business Administration. Georgia State University. 1971. str. 6.
- ^ Elsasser, Virginia Hencken (2005). Textiles : concepts and principles. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Fairchild Publications. str. 9. ISBN 978-1-56367-300-9.
- ^ Weibel, Adèle Coulin (1952). Two thousand years of textiles; the figured textiles of Europe and the Near East. Internet Archive. New York, Published for the Detroit Institute of Arts [by] Pantheon Books. str. 27.
- ^ Balter, M. (2009). „Clothes Make the (Hu) Man”. Science. 325 (5946): 1329. PMID 19745126. doi:10.1126/science.325_1329a.
- ^ Kvavadze, E.; Bar-Yosef, O.; Belfer-Cohen, A.; Boaretto, E.; Jakeli, N.; Matskevich, Z.; Meshveliani, T. (2009). „30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers”. Science. 325 (5946): 1359. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1359K. PMID 19745144. S2CID 206520793. doi:10.1126/science.1175404. Supporting Online Material Arhivirano 2009-11-27 na sajtu Wayback Machine
- ^ Ul-Islam, Shahid; Butola, B. S., ur. (2018). Advanced Textile Engineering Materials. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-48785-2.
- ^ Hollen, Norma R.; Hollen, Norma R. Textiles (1988). Textiles. Internet Archive. New York : Macmillan. str. 1, 2, 3. ISBN 978-0-02-367530-0.
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Good, Irene (januar 2006). „Textiles as a Medium of Exchange in Third Millennium B.C.E. Western Asia”. Ur.: Mair, Victor H. Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press (objavljeno 2006). str. 191–214. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-4.
- Fisher, Nora (1994). Rio Grande Textiles (Paperbound izd.). Museum of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-89013-266-6. Introduction by Teresa Archuleta-Sagel. 196 pages with 125 black and white as well as colour plates. Fisher is Curator Emirta, Textiles & Costumes of the Museum of International Folk Art.
- Arai, Masanao (Textile Industry Research Institute of Gunma). "From Kitsch to Art Moderne: Popular Textiles for Women in the First Half of Twentieth-Century Japan" (Archive). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. Textile Society of America, January 1, 1998.
- Postrel, Virginia (10. 11. 2020). The Fabric of Civilization: How Textiles Made the World (Hardcover izd.). New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-1-5416-1760-5.
- Boucher, François. 20,000 Years of Fashion: The history of costume and personal adornment. 20,000 Years of Fashion: The History of Costume and Personal Adornment. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 1987. ISBN 0-8109-1693-2.
- Jenkins, David, ed.: The Cambridge History of Western Textiles, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Jenkins, D. T. (2003). The Cambridge History of Western Textiles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-34107-8.
- Payne, Blanche; Winakor, Geitel; Farrell-Beck Jane (1992) The History of Costume, from the Ancient Mesopotamia to the Twentieth Century, 2nd Edn, HarperCollins. Payne, Blanche; Winakor, Geitel; Farrell-Beck, Jane (1992). The History of Costume: From Ancient Mesopotamia Through the Twentieth Century. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-047141-7.
- Piponnier, Françoise, and Perrine Mane; Dress in the Middle Ages; Yale UP. Piponnier, Françoise; Mane, Perrine (1997). Dress in the Middle Ages. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06906-5.
- Ashelford, Jane: The Art of Dress: Clothing and Society 1500–1914, Abrams. Ashelford, Jane (1996). Art of Dress. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-6317-5.
- Arnold, Janet: Patterns of Fashion: the cut and construction of clothes for men and women 1560–1620, Macmillan 1985. Revised edition. Patterns of Fashion: The Cut and Construction of Clothes for Men and Women, C1560-1620. Macmillan. 1986. ISBN 0-89676-083-9.
- Arnold, Janet: Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd, W S Maney and Son Ltd, Leeds. Arnold, Janet (1988). Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd: The Inventories of the Wardrobe of Robes Prepared in July 1600, Edited from Stowe MS 557 in the British Library, MS LR 2/121 in the Public Record Office, London, and MS V.b.72 in the Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington DC. David Brown Book Company. ISBN 0-901286-20-6.
- Braudel, Fernand, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th centuries, Vol 1: The Structures of Everyday Life, William Collins & Sons, London 1981
- Besancenot, Jean (1990). Costumes of Morocco. London, New York: Kegan Paul International, distributed by Routledge, Chapman and Hall. ISBN 978-0-7103-0359-2. OCLC 21227430.
- Darwin, George H., „Development in Dress”. Macmillan's Magazine. 1872., Macmillan's magazine, vol. 26, May to Oct. 1872, pages 410–416
- Favier, Jean, Gold and Spices: The Rise of Commerce in the Middle Ages, London, Holmes and Meier. Favier, Jean (1998). Gold & Spices: The Rise of Commerce in the Middle Ages. Holmes & Meier. ISBN 0-8419-1232-7.
- Gordenker, Emilie E.S.: Van Dyck and the Representation of Dress in Seventeenth-Century Portraiture, Brepols. Gordenker, Emilie E. S. (2001). Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641) and the Representation of Dress in Seventeenth-century Portraiture. Brepols. ISBN 2-503-50880-4.
- Kõhler, Carl; Sichart, Emma von (jun 1963). A History of Costume. Courier Corporation. ISBN 0-486-21030-8.
- Lee, John S.: The Medieval Clothier, Woodbridge, Boydell. Lee, John S. (2018). The Medieval Clothier. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 9781783273171.
- Lefébure, Ernest: Embroidery and Lace: Their Manufacture and History from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Day, London, H. Grevel and Co., 1888, ed. by Alan S. Cole, at Online Books , retrieved 14 October 2007
- Netherton, Robin, and Gale R. Owen-Crocker, editors, Medieval Clothing and Textiles, Volume 1, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK, and Rochester, NY, the Boydell Press. Netherton, Robin; Owen-Crocker, Gale R. (2005). Medieval Clothing and Textiles. Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-123-6.
- Netherton, Robin, and Gale R. Owen-Crocker, editors, Medieval Clothing and Textiles, Volume 2, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK, and Rochester, NY, the Boydell Press. Netherton, Robin; Owen-Crocker, Gale R. (2006). Medieval Clothing and Textiles. Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-203-8.
- Netherton, Robin, and Gale R. Owen-Crocker, editors, Medieval Clothing and Textiles, Volume 3, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK, and Rochester, NY, the Boydell Press. Owen-Crocker, Gale R. (2007). Medieval Clothing and Textiles 3. Boydell. ISBN 978-1-84383-291-1.
- Payne, Blanche: History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century, Harper & Row, 1965. No ISBN for this edition; History of Costume : From the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century. januar 1965. ASIN B0006BMNFS.
- Sylvester, Louise M., Mark C. Chambers and Gale R. Owen-Crocker, editors, Medieval Dress and Textiles in Britain: A Multilingual Sourcebook, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK, and Rochester, NY, Boydell Press. Sylvester, Louise; Chambers, Mark C.; Owen-Crocker, Gale R. (2014). Medieval Dress and Textiles in Britain: A Multilingual Sourcebook. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-932-3.
- Watt, James C.Y.; Wardwell, Anne E. (1997). When silk was gold: Central Asian and Chinese textiles. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0870998256.
Dodatna literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Rachel K. Pannabecker (1990). „Linking Anthropology and History in Textiles and Clothing Research: The Ethnohistorical Method”. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal. 8 (3): 14—18. S2CID 145115592. doi:10.1177/0887302X9000800303.
Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Textile Research Journal
- Textile production in Europe, 1600–1800, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
- Spindle, Loom, and Needle Arhivirano 2013-01-16 na sajtu Archive.today – History of the Textile Industry
- Australian Museum of Clothing And Textiles Inc. na sajtu Wayback Machine (arhivirano 27 oktobar 2009) – Why have a Museum of Clothing and Textiles?
- The drafting history of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
- American Women's History: A Research Guide Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (15. maj 2008) Clothing and Fashion
- All Sewn Up: Millinery, Dressmaking, Clothing and Costume
- Gallery of English Medieval Clothing from 1906 by Dion Clayton Calthrop