Šaktizam

Šaktizam (Sanskrit: Śāktaḥ, doslovno „doktrina energije, moći, večne Boginje”) jedna je od glavnih tradicija hinduizma, pri čemu se metafizička stvarnost metaforički smatra ženskom, a Adi Parašakti vrhovnim. To uključuje razne Boginje, sve smatrane aspektima iste vrhovne Boginje.^[1]^[3] Šaktizam ima različite podtradicije, u rasponu od onih usredsređenih na milostivog Parvatija do žestoke Kali, a neke šaktijske podtradicije povezuju svoju Boginju sa Šivom ili Brahmom ili Višnuom.^[4]^[5]

Hinduistički tekstovi Šruti i Smriti važan su istorijski okvir tradicije šaktizma. Pored toga, šaktizam poštuje tekstove Devi Mahatmija, Devi-Bagavata Purana, Mahabagvata Purana i Šakta Upanišade kao što je Devi Upanišad.^[6] Posebno se smatra da je Devi Mahatmija u šaktizmu podjednako važan kao i Bagavad Gita.^[7]

Šaktizam je poznat po različitim podtradicijama Tantre,^[8] kao i po galaksiji Boginja sa odgovarajućim sistemima. Sastoji se od Vidijapita i Kulamarga. Panteon Boginje u šaktizmu narastao je nakon pada budizma u Indiji, gde su hinduističke i budističke boginje kombinovane da bi postale Mahavidija, spisak od deset Boginja.^[9] Najčešći aspekti Devija koji su pronađeni u šaktizmu uključuju Durgu, Kali, Amba, Sarasvati, Lakšmi, Parvati i Tripurasundari.^[3] Tradicija orijentisana prema boginji posebno je popularna u Zapadnom Bengalu, Odiši, Asamu, Tripuri, Kumaonu, Mitili (Severni Bihar) i Nepalu i susednim regionima koje je proslavljaju kroz festivale kao što je Durga Puja.^[4] Ideje šaktizma uticale su na višnuizam i tradiciju šivizma, pri čemu se Boginjom smatra Šakti od Višnu i Šive respektivno, a odaje joj se počast prevashodno u mnogim hinduističkim hramovima i festivalima.^[2]

Reference

^ ^а ^б Klaus K. Klostermaier (2010). Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition. State University of New York Press. стр. 30, 114—116, 233—245. ISBN 978-0-7914-8011-3.
^ ^а ^б Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, стр. 174—176, ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0
^ ^а ^б J. Gordon Melton; Baumann, Martin (2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. стр. 2600—2602. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.
^ ^а ^б Shaktism, Encyclopædia Britannica (2015)
^ Yudit Kornberg Greenberg (2008). Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. стр. 254—256. ISBN 978-1-85109-980-1.
^ Jones, Constance; Ryan, James (2014). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. стр. 399. ISBN 978-0816054589.
^ Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. стр. 193. ISBN 978-3447025225.
^ Katherine Anne Harper; Brown, Robert L. (2012). The Roots of Tantra. State University of New York Press. стр. 48, 117, 40—53. ISBN 978-0-7914-8890-4.
^ Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Literature." Архивирано 2016-03-04 на сајту Wayback Machine Journal of Indological Studies (Kyoto), Nos. 24 & 25 (2012–2013), 2014, pp. 80.

Literatura

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Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1990). The Secret of the Three Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Shakta Tantrism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-07569-3.
Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1992). Auspicious Wisdom: The Texts and Traditions of Srividya Shakta Tantrism in South India. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1146-9.
Brown, C. MacKenzie (1991). The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Issues of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana. SUNY Series in Hindu Studies. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0364-8.
Brown, C. Mackenzie (1998). The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation and Commentary. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3940-1.
Dasgupta, S (1996). Journal of the Indian Musicological Society. 27–28. Indian Musicological Society.
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Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra (1999) [1942]. The Lalita Cult. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
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Joshi, M. C. (2002). „Historical and Iconographical Aspects of Shakta Tantrism”. Ур.: Harper, Katherine; Brown, Robert L. The Roots of Tantra. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5305-6.
Kali, Davadatta (2003). In Praise of the Goddess: The Devimahatmya and Its Meaning. Berwick, ME: Nicolas-Hays, Inc.
Kapoor, Subodh (2002) [1925]. A Short Introduction to Sakta Philosophy. New Delhi: Indigo Books.
Kinsley, David (1987). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0394-7.
Kinsley, David (1998). Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1523-0.
Krishna Warrier, A. J. (1999) [1967]. The Sākta Upaniṣads. The Adyar Library and Research Center, Library Series. 89 (3rd. изд.). Chennai: Vasanta Press.
McDaniel, June (n.d). „Bengali Shakta”. Countries and Their Cultures. Advameg, Inc.
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Pattanaik, Devdutt (2000). Devi the Mother-Goddess: An Introduction. Mumbai: Vakils, Feffer and Simons Ltd.
Pechilis, Karen (2004). The Graceful Guru: Hindu Female Gurus in India and the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
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Hiltebeitel, Alf; Erndl, Kathleen M. (2000). Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3619-7.
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Winternitz, M. (1973) [1927]. History of Indian Literature. New Delhi.

Spoljašnje veze

Encyclopædia Britannica, "Shaktism"
The Sakta Traditions, The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies
Devi, The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution
The Portrait of the Goddess in the Devī-māhātmya, David Kinsley (1978)
The Indian Religion of the Goddess Shakti, Hans Koester (1929)

[Klostermaier2010p30-1] а ^б Klaus K. Klostermaier (2010). Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition. State University of New York Press. стр. 30, 114—116, 233—245. ISBN 978-0-7914-8011-3.

[flood174-2] а ^б Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, стр. 174—176, ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0

[Melton2010p2600-3] а ^б J. Gordon Melton; Baumann, Martin (2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. стр. 2600—2602. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.

[britannicashakti-4] а ^б Shaktism, Encyclopædia Britannica (2015)

[5] Yudit Kornberg Greenberg (2008). Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. стр. 254—256. ISBN 978-1-85109-980-1.

[6] Jones, Constance; Ryan, James (2014). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. стр. 399. ISBN 978-0816054589.

[7] Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. стр. 193. ISBN 978-3447025225.

[8] Katherine Anne Harper; Brown, Robert L. (2012). The Roots of Tantra. State University of New York Press. стр. 48, 117, 40—53. ISBN 978-0-7914-8890-4.

[9] Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Literature." Архивирано 2016-03-04 на сајту Wayback Machine Journal of Indological Studies (Kyoto), Nos. 24 & 25 (2012–2013), 2014, pp. 80.

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