Мормонова књига

Мормонова књига
Мормонова књига
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Мормонова књига је свети текст мормона. Први пут је објавио 1830. године Џозеф Смит, оснивача мормонизма. Према Смитовим тврдњама, он је Књигу Мормона превео са златних плоча, које му је 1827. године уручио анђео Морони, док је према мишљењима већине не-мормонских научника књигу написао сам Смит. Књига садржи текстове о јеврејско-хришћанској цивилизацији која је од 600. п. н. е. постојала на тлу Америке и коју су у 5. веку после Христа уништили пагански амерички Индијанци. Археолози нису пронашли трагове постојања ове цивилизације. Према тврдњама из Књиге Мормона, Исус Христ се после ускрснућа појавио на тлу Америке, где је проповедао припадницима ове цивилизације. Књигу Мормона и на српском језику објавила „Црква Исуса Христа светаца последњих дана“ (Мормонска цркве).

Историјска тачност

Археолози и историчари су скептични према тврдњама из Мормонове књиге. Критике ове књиге су подељене у четири главне групе:

Непостојање везе између локација описаних у Књизи Мормона и америчких археолошких налазишта.
Помињање животиња, биљака, метала и технологија у Књизи Мормона за које арехолози и историчари нису нашли доказа у пред-колумбовској Америци. Ставке које се често помињу су говеда, коњи, магарци, волови, овце, свиње, козе, пшеница, челик, месинг, ланци, гвожђе, симитари и кочије.
Непостојање лигвистичке везе између било ког америчког домородачког језика и блискоисточних језика.^[1]
Непостојање ДНК везе која повезује Индијанце са народима древног Блиског истока. Традиционални став Мормонове књиге тврди да су Индијанци потомци Израелћана који су мигрирали око 600. п. н. е. Међутим, ДНК испитивања не показују постојање блискоисточних компоненти у генима Индијанаца^[2]

Мормонова књига садржи многе језичке сличности са Библијом краља Џејмса. У неким случајевима, целе одломци Библије су поновљени у Мормоновој књизи. Понекад је извор потврђен, као у Другој Нефијевој књизи, где је цитирано осамнаест поглавља Књиге пророка Исаије.^[3]

Већина мормона сматра Књигу Мормона историјски тачним делом.^[4] У оквиру мормонског покрета постоје апологетске групе који покушавају да измире разлике на различите начине. Највише дела од ових група су објавили Задужбина за дневна истраживања и мормонске студије и Задужбина за апологетско информисање и истраживање, које покушавају да представе Мормонову књигу као тачну историју, борећи се против аргумената који критикују њену историјску аутентичност или да помире историјске или научне чињенице са текстом књиге. Један од најчешћих скорашњих аргумената је модел ограничене географије, који претпоставља да су људи из Мормонове књиге насељавали само ограничену географску регију било у Средњој Америци, Јужној Америци или области Великих језера.

Референце

^ Lyle Campbell. 1979. "Middle American languages," The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment. Ed. Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun. Austin: University of Texas Press. Pages 902-1000. Lyle Campbell. 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press. Jorge Súarez. 1983. The Mesoamerican Indian Languages. Cambridge University Press.
^ Simon G. Southerton. 2004. Losing a Lost Tribe: Native Americans, DNA, and the Mormon Church. Signature Books. The entire book is devoted to the specific topic of DNA evidence and the Book of Mormon." ...[T]he DNA lineages of Central America resemble those of other Native American tribes throughout the two continents. Over 99 percent of the lineages found among native groups from this region are clearly of Asian descent. Modern and ancient DNA samples tested from among the Maya generally fall into the major founding lineage classes... The Mayan Empire has been regarded by Mormons to be the closest to the people of the Book of Mormon because its people were literate and culturally sophisticated. However, leading New World anthropologists, including those specializing in the region, have found the Maya to be similarly related to Asians. Stephen L. Whittington...was not aware of any scientists 'in mainstream anthropology that are trying to prove a Hebrew origin of Native Americans... Archaeologists and physical anthropologists have not found any evidence of Hebrew origins for the people of North, South and Central America.'" )
D. Andrew Merriwether. 2006. "Mitochondrial DNA," Handbook of North American Indians. Smithsonian Institution Press. Pg 817-830. "Kolman, Sambuughin, and Bermingham (1995) and Merriwether et al. (1996) used the presence of A, B, C, and D to argue for Mongolia as the location for the source population of the New World founders. More specifically perhaps, they argued that the present-day Mongolians and present-day Native Americans are both derived from the same ancestral population in Asia, presumably in the Mongolia-Southern Siberia-Lake Baikal region. T.G. Schurr and S.G. Sherry (2004) strongly favor a southern Siberian origin for the majority of lineages found in the New World." (pp. 829)
Tatiana M. Karafet, Stephen L. Zegura, and Michael F. Hammer. 2006. "Y Chromosomes," Handbook of North American Indians. Smithsonian Institution. стр. 831-839. "Zegura et al. (2004) have presented the following scenario for the early peopling of the Americas based on Y chromosome data: a migration of a single, polymorphic Asian population across Beringia with a potential common source for both North American founding lineages (Q and C) in the Altai Mountains of southwest Siberia. Since all their STR-based SNP lineage divergence dates between the Altai and North Asians versus Native Americans...ranged from 10,100 to 17,200 year ago, they favored a relatively late entry model." (pp. 839)
Defenders of the book's historical authenticity suggest that the Book of Mormon does not disallow for other groups of people to have contributed to the genetic make-up of Native Americans.^{[тражи се извор]} Nevertheless, this is a departure from the traditional view that Israelites are the primary ancestors of Native Americans, and therefore would be expected to present some genetic evidence of Near Eastern origins. A recently announced change in the Book of Mormon's introduction, however, allows for a greater diversity of ancestry of Native Americans. See, for example, the following Deseret News article published on November 9, 2007: Intro Change in Book of Mormon Spurs Discussion Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (13. мај 2010), Приступљено 13. 4. 2013. стр. 191.
^ Tvedtnes, John A (1984), „Isaiah Variants in the Book of Mormon”, Featured Papers, Provo, Utah: Maxwell Institute, Архивирано из оригинала 08. 04. 2007. г., Приступљено 16. 4. 2007
^ "The limited success so far in swaying popular LDS opinion is a constant source of frustration for Mormon apologists...It appears that Mormons are generally content to picture the Book of Mormon story in a setting that is factually wrong. For most Mormons, the limited geography models create more problems than they solve. They run counter to the dominant literal interpretation of the text and contradict popular folklore as well as the clear pronouncements of all church presidents since the time of Joseph Smith", Simon G. Southerton (2004, Signature Books), Losing a Lost Tribe. стр. 164-165. "Some of the [Community of Christ]'s senior leadership consider the Book of Mormon to be inspired historical fiction. For leaders of the Utah church, this is still out of the question. [The leadership], and most Mormons, believe that the historical authenticity of the Book of Mormon is what shores up Joseph Smith's prophetic calling and the divine authenticity of the Utah church", Southerton (2004). стр. 201. Quotations from temple dedicatory sermons and prayers in Central and South America by President Gordon B. Hinckley in 1999-2000 continually refer to Native LDS members in attendance as "children of Lehi" (Southerton [2004]. стр. 38-39). "Latter-Day Saints believe their scripture to be history, written by ancient prophets...", Grant Hardy (2009, Yale University Press), "Introduction," The Book of Mormon: The Earliest Text, ed. Royal Skousen, pg. x.

Спољашње везе

[1] Lyle Campbell. 1979. "Middle American languages," The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment. Ed. Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun. Austin: University of Texas Press. Pages 902-1000. Lyle Campbell. 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press. Jorge Súarez. 1983. The Mesoamerican Indian Languages. Cambridge University Press.

[2] Simon G. Southerton. 2004. Losing a Lost Tribe: Native Americans, DNA, and the Mormon Church. Signature Books. The entire book is devoted to the specific topic of DNA evidence and the Book of Mormon." ...[T]he DNA lineages of Central America resemble those of other Native American tribes throughout the two continents. Over 99 percent of the lineages found among native groups from this region are clearly of Asian descent. Modern and ancient DNA samples tested from among the Maya generally fall into the major founding lineage classes... The Mayan Empire has been regarded by Mormons to be the closest to the people of the Book of Mormon because its people were literate and culturally sophisticated. However, leading New World anthropologists, including those specializing in the region, have found the Maya to be similarly related to Asians. Stephen L. Whittington...was not aware of any scientists 'in mainstream anthropology that are trying to prove a Hebrew origin of Native Americans... Archaeologists and physical anthropologists have not found any evidence of Hebrew origins for the people of North, South and Central America.'" )
D. Andrew Merriwether. 2006. "Mitochondrial DNA," Handbook of North American Indians. Smithsonian Institution Press. Pg 817-830. "Kolman, Sambuughin, and Bermingham (1995) and Merriwether et al. (1996) used the presence of A, B, C, and D to argue for Mongolia as the location for the source population of the New World founders. More specifically perhaps, they argued that the present-day Mongolians and present-day Native Americans are both derived from the same ancestral population in Asia, presumably in the Mongolia-Southern Siberia-Lake Baikal region. T.G. Schurr and S.G. Sherry (2004) strongly favor a southern Siberian origin for the majority of lineages found in the New World." (pp. 829)
Tatiana M. Karafet, Stephen L. Zegura, and Michael F. Hammer. 2006. "Y Chromosomes," Handbook of North American Indians. Smithsonian Institution. стр. 831-839. "Zegura et al. (2004) have presented the following scenario for the early peopling of the Americas based on Y chromosome data: a migration of a single, polymorphic Asian population across Beringia with a potential common source for both North American founding lineages (Q and C) in the Altai Mountains of southwest Siberia. Since all their STR-based SNP lineage divergence dates between the Altai and North Asians versus Native Americans...ranged from 10,100 to 17,200 year ago, they favored a relatively late entry model." (pp. 839)
Defenders of the book's historical authenticity suggest that the Book of Mormon does not disallow for other groups of people to have contributed to the genetic make-up of Native Americans.^{[тражи се извор]} Nevertheless, this is a departure from the traditional view that Israelites are the primary ancestors of Native Americans, and therefore would be expected to present some genetic evidence of Near Eastern origins. A recently announced change in the Book of Mormon's introduction, however, allows for a greater diversity of ancestry of Native Americans. See, for example, the following Deseret News article published on November 9, 2007: Intro Change in Book of Mormon Spurs Discussion Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (13. мај 2010), Приступљено 13. 4. 2013. стр. 191.

[3] Tvedtnes, John A (1984), „Isaiah Variants in the Book of Mormon”, Featured Papers, Provo, Utah: Maxwell Institute, Архивирано из оригинала 08. 04. 2007. г., Приступљено 16. 4. 2007

[historicallyaccurate-4] "The limited success so far in swaying popular LDS opinion is a constant source of frustration for Mormon apologists...It appears that Mormons are generally content to picture the Book of Mormon story in a setting that is factually wrong. For most Mormons, the limited geography models create more problems than they solve. They run counter to the dominant literal interpretation of the text and contradict popular folklore as well as the clear pronouncements of all church presidents since the time of Joseph Smith", Simon G. Southerton (2004, Signature Books), Losing a Lost Tribe. стр. 164-165. "Some of the [Community of Christ]'s senior leadership consider the Book of Mormon to be inspired historical fiction. For leaders of the Utah church, this is still out of the question. [The leadership], and most Mormons, believe that the historical authenticity of the Book of Mormon is what shores up Joseph Smith's prophetic calling and the divine authenticity of the Utah church", Southerton (2004). стр. 201. Quotations from temple dedicatory sermons and prayers in Central and South America by President Gordon B. Hinckley in 1999-2000 continually refer to Native LDS members in attendance as "children of Lehi" (Southerton [2004]. стр. 38-39). "Latter-Day Saints believe their scripture to be history, written by ancient prophets...", Grant Hardy (2009, Yale University Press), "Introduction," The Book of Mormon: The Earliest Text, ed. Royal Skousen, pg. x.

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