Колорадо (река)
(преусмерено са Colorado River)
| Колорадо | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Опште информације | |
| Дужина | 2.330 km |
| Басен | 642.000 km2 |
| Пр. проток | 40[1][2][1][3] m3⁄s |
| Водоток | |
| Извор | Стеновите планине, Колорадо[4] |
| Коор. извора | 40° 28′ 20″ N 105° 49′ 34″ W / 40.47222° С; 105.82611° З |
| Ушће | Калифорнијски залив, 31° 48′ 57″ N 114° 48′ 22″ W / 31.81583° С; 114.80611° З |
| Коор. ушћа | 31° 54′ 00″ N 114° 57′ 03″ W / 31.90000° С; 114.95083° З[4] |
| Географске карактеристике | |
| Држава/е |  САД |
| Притоке | Игл, Roaring Fork River, Gunnison River, Dolores River, Range Creek, San Juan River, Little Colorado River, Хила, Зелена река, Dirty Devil River, Paria River, Kanab Creek, Virgin River, Плава река, Bill Williams River, Havasu Creek, Little Dolores River, Muddy Creek, Piney River, Plateau Creek, Roan Creek, Williams Fork, Willow Creek, Tapeats Creek, Fraser River |
| Река на Викимедијиној остави | |
Колорадо (енгл. Colorado River, мохав. Aha Kwahwat) је река која протиче кроз САД и Мексико. Дуга је 2.330 km. Протиче кроз америчке савезне државе Колорадо, Јуту, Аризону, Неваду и Калифорнију и мексичке државе Сонору и Доњу Калифорнију. Извире на западним падинама Стеновитих планина. Улива се у Калифорнијски залив, али коришћење воде за наводњавање чини да река често пресуши у доњем току у Мексику, тако да често ни не стигне до мора. Слив реке Колорадо обухвата око 642.000 km². Проток воде у овој реци је променљив — од 113 m³/s у периодима суше до 28.000 m³/s у случају већих поплава.
Река Колорадо и њене притоке познате су по својим драматичним кањонима, беловодним брзацима и једанаест америчких националних паркова. Она је витални извор воде за 40 милиона људи.[5] Реку и њене притоке контролише опсежни систем брана, резервоара и аквадуката, који у већини година преусмеравају читав њен ток за пољопривредно наводњавање и водоснабдевање из домаћинстава.[6][7] Њен велики проток и стрми нагиб користе се за производњу хидроелектричне енергије, а главне бране регулишу највеће захтеве за напајањем енергије у већем делу Западног међугорја. Интензивна потрошња воде исушила је доњих 100 mi (160 km) реке, која ретко доспела до мора од 1960-их.[6][8][9]
Референце
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ а б Nowak, Kenneth C. (2. 4. 2012). „Stochastic Streamflow Simulation at Interdecadal Time Scales and Implications to Water Resources Management in the Colorado River Basin” (PDF). Center for Advanced Decision Support for Water and Environmental Systems. University of Colorado. стр. 114. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 1. 5. 2014. г. Приступљено 11. 7. 2013.
- ^ „USGS Gage #09424000 on the Colorado River near Topock, AZ – Daily Data”. National Water Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. 14. 2. 1935. Приступљено 21. 4. 2012.
- ^ Wiltshire, Gilbert & Rogers 2010, стр. 102.
- ^ а б „Colorado River”. Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 8. 2. 1980.
- ^ „The Compact and Lees Ferry”. Colorado River Streamflow: A Paleo Perspective. Western Water Assessment. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 4. 2012. г.
- ^ а б Waterman, Jonathan (15. 2. 2012). „Where the Colorado Runs Dry”. The New York Times. Приступљено 14. 10. 2014.
- ^ „Imperial Valley”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1995.
- ^ Diaz, Henry F.; Anderson, Craig A. (28. 11. 2003). „Precipitation Trends and Water Consumption in the Southwestern United States”. Impact of Climate Change and Land Use in the Southwestern United States. U.S. Geological Survey. Архивирано из оригинала 9. 3. 2012. г.
- ^ Postel, Sandra (19. 5. 2014). „A Sacred Reunion: The Colorado River Returns to the Sea”. National Geographic. Приступљено 19. 5. 2014.
Литература
[уреди | уреди извор]- Annerino, John (1999). Canyoneering: How to Explore the Canyons of the Great Southwest. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-2700-6.
- Armstead, Lloyd Dean (1997). Whitewater Rafting in North America: More than 100 River Adventures in the United States and Canada
. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-0083-7. - Axelrod, Alan; Phillips, Charles (2008). What Every American Should Know About American History: 225 Events That Shaped The Nation. Adams Media. ISBN 978-1-59869-428-4.
- Barnes, Will Croft (1988). Arizona Place Names. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-1074-0.
- Benke, Arthur C.; Cushing, Colbert E. (2005). Rivers of North America. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-088253-3.
- Billington, David P.; Jackson, Donald C.; Melosi, Martin V. (2005). „The History of Large Federal Dams: Planning, Design and Construction in the Era of Big Dams” (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 22. 2. 2012. г. Приступљено 22. 4. 2012.
- Blond, Becca; Dunford, Lisa; Schulte-Peevers, Andrea (2008). Southwest USA. Lonely Planet Travel Guides. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-713-4.
- Bolton, Herbert Eugene (2017). Rim of Christendom: A Biography of Eusebio Francisco Kino: Pacific Coast Pioneer. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-3570-5.
- Brown, Robert Leaman (1972). Colorado Ghost Towns – Past and Present. Caxton Press. ISBN 978-0-87004-218-8.
- Casey, Robert L. (2007). Journey to the High Southwest: A Traveler's Guide to Santa Fe and the Four Corners of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-4064-2.
- Dellenbaugh, Frederick Samuel (1909). The Romance of the Colorado River: The Story of its Discovery in 1540, With an Account of the Later Explorations, and with Special Reference to the Voyages of Powell Through The Line of the Great Canyons. G.P. Putnam's Sons. OCLC 645167127.
- Dolnick, Edward (2002). Down the Great Unknown: John Wesley Powell's Journey of Discovery and Tragedy Through the Grand Canyon. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-095586-1.
- Felger, Richard Stephen; Broyles, Bill (2007). Dry borders: great natural reserves of the Sonoran desert. University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-0-87480-818-6.
- Fielder, John (2002). John Fielder's Best of Colorado. Big Earth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56579-429-0.
- Fradkin, Philip L. (1996). A River No More: The Colorado River and the West (2 изд.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20564-2.
- Glass, Mary Ellen; Glass, Al (1983). Touring Nevada: A Historic and Scenic Guide. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-074-0.
- Gudde, Erwin G.; Bright, William (2004). California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24217-3.
- Gupta, Avijit (2007). Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-84987-3.
- Gupta, S.K. (2010). Modern Hydrology and Sustainable Water Development. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-2397-9.
- Ghiglieri, Michael P.; Myers, Thomas M. (2001). Over the Edge: Death in Grand Canyon (1st, tenth revision изд.). Flagstaff: Puma Press. ISBN 978-0-9700973-1-6.
- Hopkins, Ralph Lee (2002). Hiking the Southwest's Geology: Four Corners Region. The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-1-59485-169-8.
- Hutchinson, Robert (1995). Grand Canyon National Park: A Photographic Natural History. BrownTrout Publishers. ISBN 1-56313-611-2.
- Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert (2005). Encyclopedia of Native American Wars And Warfare. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-3337-9.
- Lankford, Andrea (2010). Ranger Confidential: Living, Working, and Dying in the National Parks. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-5263-8.
- Leuchtenburg, William Edward (2000). American Places: Encounters with History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513026-3.
- Leopold, Luna Bergere (1994). A View of the River. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-93732-1.
- Lindberg, Eric (2009). Colorado Off the Beaten Path: A Guide to Unique Places. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-5024-5.
- Lingenfelter, Richard E. (1978). Steamboats on the Colorado River, 1852–1916. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-0650-7.
- Logan, Michael F. (2006). Desert Cities: The Environmental History of Phoenix and Tucson. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-4294-8.
- National Research Council (U.S.), Committee to Review the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies (1996). River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon. National Academy Press. ISBN 978-0-309-05448-5.
- Nobles, Gregory H. (1998). American Frontiers: Cultural Encounters and Continental Conquest. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8090-1602-0.
- Patten, Michael A.; McCaskie, Guy; Unitt, Philip (2003). Birds of the Salton Sea: Status, Biogeography and Ecology. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23593-2.
- Powell, Allan Kent (2003). The Utah Guide (3 изд.). Fulcrum Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55591-114-0.
- Prisciantelli, Tom (2002). Spirit of the American Southwest: Geology, Ancient Eras and Prehistoric People, Hiking Through Time. Sunstone Press. ISBN 978-0-86534-354-2.
- Pritzker, Barry (1998). Native Americans: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Peoples. 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-87436-836-9.
- Reisner, Marc (1993). Cadillac Desert. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-017824-1.
- Rolle, Andrew (1999). John Charles Fremont: Character As Destiny. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3135-1.
- Schmidt, Jeremy (1993). Grand Canyon National Park: A Natural History Guide. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-395-59932-7.
- Van Cott, John W. (1990). Utah Place Names: A Comprehensive Guide to the Origins of Geographic Names. University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-0-87480-345-7.
- Wildfang, Frederic B. (2005). Lake Havasu City. Images of America. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-3012-3.
- Wiltshire, Richard L.; Gilbert, David R.; Rogers, Jerry R., ур. (2010). Hoover Dam 75th Anniversary History Symposium: Proceedings of the Hoover Dam 75th Anniversary History Symposium, October 21–22, 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada. ASCE Publications. ISBN 978-0-7844-1141-4.
- Young, Richard A.; Spamer, Earle E. (2001). The Colorado River: Origin and Evolution. Grand Canyon Association. ISBN 978-0-938216-79-7.
- Darrah, William Culp, Ralph V. Chamberlin, and Charles Kelly, editors. (2009). The Exploration of the Colorado River in 1869 and 1871–1872: Biographical Sketches and Original Documents of the First Powell Expedition of 1869 and the Second Powell Expedition of 1871–1872. ISBN 978-0-87480-963-3.
- DeBuys, William (2011). A Great Aridness: Climate Change and the Future of the American Southwest. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-977892-8.
- Fleck, Richard F., editor. (2000). A Colorado River Reader. ISBN 978-0-87480-647-2.
- Fowler, Don D., editor. (2012). Cleaving an Unknown World: The Powell Expeditions and the Scientific Exploration of the Colorado Plateau. ISBN 978-1-60781-146-6.
- Gregory, Herbert E., William Culp Darrah, and Charles Kelly, editors. (2009). The Exploration of the Colorado River and the High Plateaus of Utah by the Second Powell Expedition of 1871–1872. ISBN 978-0-87480-964-0.
- Martin, Russell (1990). A Story That Stands Like A Dam: Glen Canyon and the Struggle for the Soul of the West (1 изд.). Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-0822-7.
- Summitt, April R. (2013). Contested Waters: An Environmental History of the Colorado River. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-1-60732-201-6.
Спољашње везе
[уреди | уреди извор]
- Agriculture in the Colorado River Basin: Colorado River Water Users Association
- Colorado River Water Allocations by State: GOOD Infographics
- Drought in the Upper Colorado River Basin: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
- Irrigation Water Withdrawals in the Colorado River Basin: Pacific Institute
- Living Rivers: Colorado Riverkeeper
- Water Level Data for Major Colorado River Reservoirs: water-data.com
- Where the Colorado Runs Dry: The New York Times
- 1854 report from the U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers: Report of an expedition down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (24. октобар 2020)
- Killing the Colorado—ProPublica
- Lawrence Pratt Collection Concerning Arizona v. California and the Colorado River. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
| Међународне | |
|---|---|
| Државне | |
| Остале | |
