Uporedna religija

Uporedna religija je grana proučavanja religija koja se bavi sistematskim poređenjem doktrina i praksi svetskih religija. Generalno komparativna studija religije daje dublje razumevanje osnovnih filozofskih pitanja religije kao što su etika, metafizika, priroda i oblici spasenja. Proučavanje takvog materijala olakšava šire i sofisticiranije razumevanje ljudskih verovanja i praksi u pogledu svetog, nadahnujućeg, duhovnog i božanskog.

U oblasti komparativne religije, ustaljena geografska klasifikacija glavnih svetskih religija razlikuje grupe kao što su religije Bliskog Istoka (uključujući iranske religije), indijske religije, istočnoazijske religije, afričke religije, američke religije, okeanske religije i klasične Helenističke religije.

Istorija

Statua Ibn Hazma, oca modernih uporednih religioznih studija, in Kordobi Španija.

Al-Biruni i Ibn Hazm iz islamskog zlatnog doba upoređivali su studije religioznog pluralizma, i njihova dela su značajna u poljima teologije i filozofije. Društveni naučnici u 19. veku su bili veoma zainteresovani za uporednu i „primitivnu” religiju kao što se to vidi u delima Maksa Milera, Edvarda Berneta Tajlora, Vilijama Robertsona Smita, Džejmsa Džordža Frejzera, Emila Durkeima, Maksa Vebera i Rudolfa Ota. Nikolas de Lanž, profesor hebrejskih i jevrejskih studija na Univerzitetu Kembridž, kaže da

Uporedna studija religija je akademska disciplina koja je razvijena na hrišćanskim teološkim fakultetima i ima tendenciju da forsira veoma različite pojave u svojevrsni šablon urađen po hrišćanskom obrascu. Problem nije samo u tome što druge „religije” mogu imati malo ili ništa za kažu o pitanjima koja su od gorućeg značaja za hrišćanstvo, već i što one uvek ne smatraju sebe kao religije na potpuno isti način na koji hrišćanstvo sebe vidi kao religiju.

Primeri koji pokazuju ovu tačku su budizam i kineske narodne religije. Ovi sistemi verovanja se istorijski nisu smatrali međusobno isključivim i tokom vremena su se mešali u različita verovanja kao što je budizam čiste zemlje. Ovo pokazuje značajnu razliku u odnosu na zapadnjačka shvatanja religija koje smatraju da privrženost jednoj religiji isključuje članstvo u drugoj veri.

Hinduizam i budizam pružaju još jedan uvid u obliku soteriologije. Uporedno proučavanje religija može pristupiti religijama sa osnovnom idejom o spasenju sa večnim životom posle smrti, ali religije poput hinduizma ili budizma nužno ne dele ovo gledište. Umesto toga, hinduizam i teravadski budizam govore o povratku u nepostojanje i bekstvu iz ciklusa reinkarnacije, a ne o večnom životu posle smrti.

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