Jakobinska diktatura
Jakobinska diktatura ili period terora je Francuske revolucije od 5. septembra 1793. do 28. jula 1794. godine kada su se na vlasti nalazili jakobinci predvođeni Maksimilijanom Robespjerom.[1] Jakobinsku diktaturu karakteriše "režim giljotine" u kojem je stradalo preko 25.000 ljudi širom Francuske.
Među istoričarima postoje neslaganja oko toga kada je tačno počeo „teror“. Neki smatraju da je počeo tek 1793. godine, dajući datum 5. septembar,[2] jun[3] ili mart, kada je Revolucionarni sud osnovan. Drugi, međutim, navode ranije vreme Septembarskih masakara 1792, ili čak jula 1789, kada se dogodilo prvo ubistvo revolucije.[a]
Termin „teror” koji se koristi za opisivanje tog perioda uvela je Termidorska reakcija koja je preuzela vlast nakon pada Maksimilijana Robespjera u julu 1794. godine,[2][3] da bi diskreditovala Robespjera i opravdala svoje postupke.[4] Danas postoji konsenzus među istoričarima da su izuzetne revolucionarne mere nastavljene i nakon Robespijerove smrti, a ovaj period koji je usledio sada se naziva „Beli teror“.[5] Do tada su 16.594 zvanične smrtne kazne izrečene širom Francuske od juna 1793. godine, od kojih je 2.639 bilo samo u Parizu;[3][6] a dodatnih 10.000 je umrlo u zatvoru, bez suđenja, ili usled obe ove okolnosti.[7]
Teror
[uredi | uredi izvor]Revolucijom od 31. maja do 2. juna 1793. godine jakobinci preuzimaju vlast od žirondinaca i zavode diktaturu. Sitna buržoazija i sirotinja su preuzele vlast. Diktatura se ogledala u činjenici da su članovi Konventa, odnosno jakobinci sjedinili zakonodavnu, izvršnu i sudsku vlast. Da bi spasili Francusku od spoljnih neprijatelja, uveli su opšti mobilizaciju i narodnu vojsku. Konačno su ukinuli sva feudalna prava i uništili sve dokumente o feudalnim obavezama. Početkom 1794. godine uspeli su da proteraju neprijatelje sa svoje teritorije. Uveli su novi, demokratski ustav (1793) koji je predviđao opšte pravo glasa, federalno uređenje, izglasavanje važnih zakona putem referenduma, slobodu štampe, lične slobode...
Najznačajnija ličnost Jakobinske diktature bio je Maksimilijan Robespjer. Parižani su ga zvali "nepodmitljivi". Bio je oličenje sitne buržoazije i donosio je najrevolucionarnije odluke. Radikalnija krila, ebertovce i besne poslao je na giljotinu. Time je revolucija počela da "proždire" svoju decu. Danton, kao štićenik imućne buržoazije, poslat je na giljotinu. Sa njim je pogubljen i Kamij Dimulen i mnogi drugi.
Kraj diktature
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Robespjer se zanosio idejom da može u potpunosti preurediti društvo. Uveo je novi republikanski kalendar i pokušao da stavi nauku u službu Revolucije. Pokušao je takođe i da preuredi crkvu uvodeći kult "Vrhovnog bića". Zbog maksimiranja nadnica diktaturom nije bilo zadovoljno ni bogato građanstvo, ali ni sirotinja. Međutim, najgore od svega bilo je pooštravanje terora. Čak se ni članovi Komiteta javnog spasa nisu osećali sigurnim od samovolje Robespjera, Sen Žista i Kutona. Članovi Komiteta skovali su zaveru protiv njih i izvršili državni udar. Nakon slabog otpora, vođe jakobinaca su uhapšene, a 28. jula 1794. godine poslate na giljotinu (Termidorska reakcija). Termidorci, novi gospodari Konventa, ukinuli su ustanove diktature.
Vidi još
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Francuska revolucija
- Revolucija od 31. maja do 2. juna 1793. godine
- Termidorska reakcija
- Beli teror (Francuska revolucija)
- Francuski revolucionarni kalendar
- Maksimilijan Robespjer
- ^ The dates July 1789, September 1792 and March 1793 are given as alternatives in Martin, Jean-Clément (2010). La Terreur, part maudite de la Révolution [The Terror: Cursed Period of the Revolution]. Découvertes Gallimard (na jeziku: francuski). 566. Paris: Gallimard. str. 14—15.
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ Mišić, Milan, ur. (2005). Enciklopedija Britanika. V-Đ. Beograd: Narodna knjiga : Politika. str. 67. ISBN 86-331-2112-3.
- ^ a b „Reign of Terror”. Encyclopædia Britannica (2015). Pristupljeno 19. 4. 2017.
- ^ a b v Linton, Marisa. „The Terror in the French Revolution” (PDF). Kingston University. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 17. 1. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 2. 12. 2011.
- ^ Jean-Clément Martin, La Terreur, part maudite de la Révolution, Découvertes/Gallimard, 2010, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Michel Biard et Hervé Leuwers, "Visages de la Terreur", in Michel Biard et Hervé Leuwers (ed.), Visages de la Terreur. L'exception politique de l'an II, Paris, Armand Colin, 2014, pp. 5–14.
- ^ Linton, Marisa (avgust 2006). „Robespierre and the terror: Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history.”. History Today. 8 (56): 23. Pristupljeno 28. 4. 2017.
- ^ „Reign of Terror”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Pristupljeno 24. 2. 2019.
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Istorija za treći razred gimnazije, društveno-jezički smer - Radoš Ljušić (139)
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- Leopold, II, and Frederick William. "The Declaration of Pillnitz (1791)." French Revolution. 27 February 2018. Accessed 26 October 2018. https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/declaration-of-pillnitz-1791/ Arhivirano 3 decembar 2022 na sajtu Wayback Machine.
- McLetchie, Scott. "Maximilien Robespierre, Master of the Terror." Maximilien Robespierre, Master of the Terror. Accessed 23 October 2018. http://people.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1983-4/mcletchie.htm#22 Arhivirano 5 decembar 2017 na sajtu Wayback Machine.
- Montesquieu. "Modern History Sourcebook: Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws, 1748." Internet History Sourcebooks. Accessed 23 October 2018. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/montesquieu-spirit.asp Arhivirano 31 oktobar 2018 na sajtu Wayback Machine.
- Ozouf, Mona (1984). „War and Terror in French Revolutionary Discourse (1792-1794)”. The Journal of Modern History. 56 (4): 580—597. JSTOR 1880323. S2CID 153782457. doi:10.1086/242733.
- Popkin, Jeremy D. (2016). A Short History of the French Revolution. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-50892-4.
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- ""Terror Is the Order of the Day"," Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, accessed 26 October 2018, http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/416 Arhivirano 23 jun 2020 na sajtu Wayback Machine.
- Voltaire. "Voltaire, Selections from the Philosophical Dictionary." Omeka RSS. Accessed 23 October 2018. http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/273/ Arhivirano 29 januar 2020 na sajtu Wayback Machine.
- Cléry, Jean-Baptiste; Henry Essex Edgeworth (1961) [1798]. Sidney Scott, ur. Journal of the Terror. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 3153946.
- Andress, David (2006). The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-27341-5.
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- Baker, Keith M. François Furet, and Colin Lucas, eds. (1987) The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture, vol. 4, The Terror (London: Pergamon Press, 1987)
- Beik, William (avgust 2005). „The Absolutism of Louis XIV as Social Collaboration: Review Article”. Past and Present. 188: 195—224. doi:10.1093/pastj/gti019
. - Censer, Jack, and Lynn Hunt (2001). Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
- Hunt, Lynn (1984). Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution
. Berkeley: University of California Press. - Gough, Hugh. The terror in the French revolution (London: Macmillan, 1998)
- Hibbert, Christopher (1981). The Days of the French Revolution. New York: Quill-William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-16978-7.
- Kerr, Wilfred Brenton (1985). Reign of Terror, 1793–1794. London: Porcupine Press. ISBN 978-0-87991-631-2.
- Kennedy, Emmet (1989). A Cultural History of the French Revolution. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-04426-3.
- Linton, Marisa (avgust 2006). „Robespierre and the terror: Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history, (Maximilien Robespierre)(Biography)”. History Today. 8 (56): 23.
- Linton, Marisa, Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2013).
- Loomis, Stanley (1964). Paris in the Terror. New York: Dorset Press. ISBN 978-0-88029-401-0.
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- Shadow (9. 2. 1870). „The "Reign of Terror"”. The New York Times.
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- Steel, Mark (2003). Vive La Revolution. London: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7432-0806-2.
- Reviewed by Adam Thorpe in The Guardian, 23 December 2006.
- Sutherland, D.M.G. (2003) The French Revolution and Empire: The Quest for a Civic Order pp. 174–253
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- Reviewed by Ruth Scurr in The Guardian, 17 August 2012
- Weber, Caroline (1. 1. 2003). Terror and Its Discontents: Suspect Words in Revolutionary France. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-3887-1.
- Kafker, Frank, James M. Lauz, and Darline Gay Levy (2002). The French Revolution: Conflicting Interpretations. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company.
- Rudé, George (1976). Robespierre: Portrait of a Revolutionary Democrat. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-60128-8. A Marxist political portrait of Robespierre, examining his changing image among historians and the different aspects of Robespierre as an 'ideologue', as a political democrat, as a social democrat, as a practitioner of revolution, as a politician and as a popular leader/leader of revolution, it also touches on his legacy for the future revolutionary leaders Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong.
Spoljašnje veze
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- "The Terror" from In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)
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