Bab ed-Dra
Bab ed-Dra (bāb al-dhrā) je lokalitet iz ranog bronzanog doba na kom se nalazi nekadašnji grad. Lokalitet se nalazi nedaleko od Mrtvog mora, na južnoj obali Vadi Karaka. Artefakti iz Bab ed-Dra su izloženi u nekoliko značajnih muzeja, uključujući Karak arheološki muzej u Jordanu, Kelso muzej biblijskih zemalja u Pitsburgu i Britanski muzej u Londonu.
Mogući uzroci pada
[uredi | uredi izvor]Neki bliblijski naučnici tvrde da se na lokalitetu nalazila "Sodoma".[1] Arheolozi se ne slažu sa ovom tvrdnjom.[2] Za razliku od susednih ruševina Numerie, Bab ed-Dra nije uništen požarom.[3] Numeria i Bab ed-Dra su uništeni u različitim vremenima, oko 250 godina je prošlo između njihovih padova.[4] Arheološki podaci svedoče o tome da su lokalitet napustili njegovi stanovnici, ali i da je bio izložen vatri.[5] Drugi razlog zašto se navodi da ovo nije biblijski Sodom je što je naselje suviše malo (10 hektara), ne nalazi se u geografskom području Sodoma (Prva mojsijeva 13:10-12); i ne spada u odgovarajući vremenski period. Bab ed-Dra je uništena 2.350. godine pre nove ere (rano bronzano doba), dok većina biblijskih naučnika smatra da su patrijarsi živeli u srednjem bronzanom dobu (2.166 - 1.550 pre nove ere).[6] Pristalice teorije da je Bab ed-Dra zapravo Sodom tvrde da datumi vezani za uništenje grada nisu baš pouzdani.[7] Izneli su brojne teorije zašto je lokalitet napušten. Rast je izneo da je uzrok bio zemljotres ili spoljašnji napad.[3] Arheolozi koji su kopali lokalitet nisu pronašli nikakve dokaze za ovo, niti da se desila bilo kakva katastrofa.
Asteroid
[uredi | uredi izvor]Nova istraživanja su pronašla dokaze da je možda mali asteroid pao u dolinu kod lokaliteta 3.123. godine pre nove ere. Opis događaja je zabeležen na asirskoj glinenoj ploči za koju se smatra da je kopija noćnog dnevnika sumerskog astronoma.[8]
Neki su izneli da je eksplozija ovog asteroida odgovorna za pad Bab ed-Dra i Numerie, ali ovi gradovi nisu ni bili podignuti kada je udario asteroid. Iz ovog perioda su pronađene samo grobnice u Bab ed-Drau u kojima su se sahranjivali lokalni nomadi. Na lokalitetu se nalazilo samo malo selo, dok je utvrđen grad podignut tek 600 godina nakon pada asteroida. Bab ed-Dra je bio na svom vrhuncu tek tokom rane bronze, što je oko 2.500 godina pre nove ere. Utvrđen grad Numerie je iz perioda od oko 2.700 do 2.200 godine pre nove ere. Zbog ovaga nije moguće da je gradove uništio asteroid 3.123. p. n. e.[9]
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ Kris J. Udd, “Bab Edh-Dhraʿ, Numeira, and the Biblical Patriarchs: A Chronological Study.”
- ^ William F. Albright, “The Archæological Results of an Expedition to Moab and the Dead Sea,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 14 (1924): 2–12; Melvin Grove Kyle and William F. Albright, “Results of the Archaeological Survey of the Ghor in Search for the Cities of the Plain,” Bibliotheca Sacra 81 (1924): 276–91; Steven Collins, “If You Thought You Knew the Location of Sodom and Gomorrah.
- ^ a b Walter E. Rast, “Bab Edh-Dhraʿ .”
- ^ Jack Donahue, “Geologic Reconstruction of Numeira,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 255 (Summer 1984): 87; Michael David Coogan, “Numeira 1981,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 255 (Summer 1984): 81; 1.
- ^ Walter E. Rast, “Bab Edh-Dhraʿ and the Origin of the Sodom Saga.”
- ^ John J. Bimson, “Archaeological Data and the Dating of the Patriarchs” Essays on the Patriarchal Narratives.
- ^ Wood, Bryant G. (1999). „The Discovery of the Sin Cities of Sodom and Gomorrah”. Bible and Spade. 12: 66—88.
- ^ Smith, Lewis (16. 7. 2012). „Researchers: Asteroid Destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah”. Fox News. Arhivirano iz originala 25. 6. 2012. g.
- ^ Jeff Medkeff, Martin Rundkvist (4. 2. 2009). „Fire in the Sky”. Pristupljeno 16. 7. 2012.
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Chesson, Meredith S., and R. Thomas Schaub. “Death and Dying on the Dead Sea Plain: Fifa, Al- Khanazir and Bab Adh-Dhra` Cemeteries.” In Crossing Jordan: North American Contributions to the Archaeology of Jordan, edited by Thomas Evan Levy, P. M. Michèle Daviau, Randall W. Younker, and May Shaer, 253–60. London, U.K.: Equinox, 2007.
- Chesson, Meredith S., and R. Thomas Schaub. “Life in the Earliest Walled Towns on the Dead Sea Plain: Numayra and Bab Edh-Dhraʿ.” In Crossing Jordan: North American Contributions to the Archaeology of Jordan, edited by Thomas Evan Levy, P. M. Michèle Daviau, Randall W. Younker, and May Shaer, 245–52. London, U.K.: Equinox, 2007.
- Graves, David E. The Location of Sodom: Key Facts for Navigating the Maze of Arguments for the Location of the Cities of the Plain. Toronto, Ont.: Electronic Christian Media, 2016.
- Rast, Walter E. “Patterns of Settlement at Bab Edh-Dhraʿ.” In The Southeastern Dead Sea Plain Expedition: An Interim Report of the 1977 Season, edited by R. Thomas * Schaub and Walter E. Rast, 7–34. AASOR 46. Boston, Mass.: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1979.
- Rast, Walter E.and R. Thomas Schaub, ur. (2003). Bâb edh-Dhrâ'. Excavations at the Town Site (1975—1981). Reports of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan 2. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-088-0.
- Rast, Walter E.and R. Thomas Schaub, eds. Bab Edh-Dhraʿ: Excavations in the Cemetery Directed by Paul W Lapp, 1965-1967. Reports of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan 1. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1989.
- Rast, Walter E.and R. Thomas Schaub “Survey of the Southeastern Plain of the Dead Sea, 1973.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 19 (1974): 5–53, 175–85.
- Rast, Walter E., R. Thomas Schaub, David W. McCreery, Jack Donahue, and Mark A. McConaughy. “Preliminary Report of the 1979 Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 240 (1980): 21–61.
- Schaub, R. Thomas. “Bab Edh-Dhraʿ.” In The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, edited by Ephraim Stern, Ayelet Levinson-Gilboa, and Joseph Aviram, 1:130–36. Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society, 1993.
- Schaub, R. Thomas. “Bab Edh-Dhraʿ.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East,. edited by Eric M. Meyers, 1:248–51. . Oxford, U.K: Oxford University Press. 1997..
- Schaub, R. Thomas.“Southeast Dead Sea Plain.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East,. edited by Eric M. Meyers, 5:62–64. . Oxford, U.K: Oxford University Press. 1997..
- Schaub, R. Thomas, and Walter E. Rast. “Preliminary Report of the 1981 Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 254 (1984): 35–60.
- Schaub, R. Thomas, and Walter E. Rast (1989). Bab edh-Dhra': Excavations in the Cemetery Directed by Paul Lapp. Reports of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan 1. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931464-51-5.
Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Bab edh-Dhra Veb sajt Univerziteta Melburna
- Bab Edh Dhra[mrtva veza] D'Antiques
- Bab edh-Dhra Research list of Sources Veb sajt hrišćanskih medija