Gang
| Gang | |
|---|---|
 Gang u Varanasiju | |
 | |
| Opšte informacije | |
| Dužina | 2.525 km |
| Basen | 1.080.000 km2 |
| Pr. protok | 12 015 m3⁄s |
| Vodotok | |
| Izvor | Utarahand, Indija |
| V. izvora | 3.892 m |
| Ušće | Bengalski zaliv, Bangladeš |
| Geografske karakteristike | |
| Država/e |  Indija,  Nepal,  Bangladeš |
| Pritoke | Varuna River, Tamsa River, Ramganga, Gomti River, Gagra, Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda River, Jamuna, Son, Bhagirathi River, Gandaki River, Padma River, Alaknanda River, Karmanasa River, Sarayu, Yarlung Tsangpo River, Burhi Gandak River, Punpun River, Rāmgangā River |
| Reka na Vikimedijinoj ostavi | |
Gang ili Ganga je jedna od najdužih reka Indijskog potkontinenta. Reka izvire u zapadnom delu Himalaja u indijskoj saveznoj državi Utarančal, teče severnim delom Indije, prelazi u Bangladeš, i uliva se u Bengalski zaliv kao delta u području Sundarbans. Gang je treća reka u svetu po količini vode na ušću.
U hinduizmu, Gang se smatra svetom rekom.[1] Ova reka je takođe izvor života za milione Indijaca koji žive duž njenog toka i zavise o nje za svoje svakodnevne potrebe.[2] Ona se obožava kao boginja „Gang“ u Hinduizmu.[3] Ona je isto tako bila istorijski važna, sa mnoštvom bivših pokrajinskim ili imperijalnim prestonicama (kao što su[4] Kanauž, Kampilja, [4] Kara, Alahabad, Kaši, Patna, Hažipur, Munger, Bagalpur, Muršidabad, Baharampur, Nabadvip, Saptagram, Kolkata i Daka) lociranim na njenim obalama.
Gang je rangiran kao peta najzagađenija reka na svetu 2007. Zagađenje ugrožava ne samo ljude, nego i više od 140 ribljih vrsta, 90 amfibijskih vrsta i ugroženu vrstu indijskog rečnog delfina.[5] Nivoi fekalnih koliformi od ljudskog otpada u vodama reke u blizini Varanasija su više od sto puta veći od zvaničnog limita Indijske vlade.[5] Akcioni plan Ganga, je jedna od inicijativa za zaštitu životne sredine usmerena na čišćenje reke, koja do sad nije bila uspešna,[6] usled korupcije, nedostatka tehničke stručnosti, lošeg planiranja životnog okruženja, i nedostatka podrške lokalnih verskih vlasti.
Geografske karakteristike
[uredi | uredi izvor]Gang se oblikuje spajanjem pet malih reka na južnim obroncima Himalaja; Bagirati, Alaknanda, Mandakini, Dauliganga i Pindar, u indijskoj državi Utarahand.[7][8] Dva najveće su Alaknanda i Bagirati, Alaknanda izvire 50 km severno od himalajskog vrha Nanda Devi, a Bagirati izvire na 3000 m nadmorske visine, ispod lednika Gangotri kog Hindusi smatraju svetim.[9] Za izvor Ganga se smatra mesto Gaumuk koje leži 21 km jugoistočno od Gangotrija, gde se spajaju Alaknanda i Bagirati, tek odatle se reka zove Gang.
Gang od obronaka Himalaja teče gotovo pravolinijski u smeru jugoistoka prema Bengalskom zalivu. Porečje Ganga pokriva četvrtinu Indije, dela koji je najgušće naseljen u kom živi stotine miliona ljudi. U njemu su se rađale i umirale istorijske civilizacije kao što je Maurijsko carstvo (322. p. n. e.) sve do Mogulskog carstva iz 16. veka.[9] Gang protiče kroz indijsku državu Utar Pradeš gde prima svoju najveću desnu pritoku Jamuna kod Alahabada, tu dobija i tri velike leve pritoke; Ramgangu, Gomti i Gagaru.[9]
Nakon tog reka teče kroz državu Bihar gde prima pritoke sa Himalaje; Gandaki, Buri Gandak, Gugri i Koši i najvažniju južnu pritoku Son. Nakon tog reka teče kroz poslednju indijsku državu Zapadni Bengal, gde prima zadnju indijsku pritoku Mahanandu.[9]
U svom donjem delu, reka teče kroz Bangladeš, tu se spaja sa Bramaputrom i skreće na jug. Zajednička reka se odatle zove Padma, koja kod glavnog grada Bangladeša Dake dobija veliku pritoku Megnu (odatle se reka zove Megna) i počinje formirati najveću deltu na svetu - Delta Ganga, kojom se uliva u Indijski okean preko Bengalskog zaliva.[9]
Deo delte uz more, sa najvećom šumom mangrove na svetu poznatom kao Sundarbans i Indija i Bangladeš proglasili su Nacionalnim parkom, koji je UNESKO uvrstio u Svetsku baštinu, i to 1987. indijski deo, a 1997. i deo koji pripada Bangladešu.[9]
Geologija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Indijski potkontinent leži na Indijskoj tektonskoj ploči, manjoj ploči unutar Indo-australijske ploče.[10] Njeni definicioni geološki procesi počeli su pre sedamdeset i pet miliona godina, kada je, kao deo južnog potkontinenta Gondvana, započeo severoistočno pomeranje - tokom pedeset miliona godina - preko tada neformiranog Indijskog okeana.[10] Naknadna kolizija potkontinenta sa Evroazijskom pločom i subdukcija ispod nje, proizveli su izdizanje Himalaja, najvišeg planinskog lanca na planeti.[10] U bivšem morskom dnu neposredno južno od Himalaja, kretanje ploča je kreiralo ogromno korito, koje, nakon što je postepeno napunjeno sedimentima koje je nosile reke Ind i Gang sa njigovim pritokama,[11] sad formira Indo-ganšku niziju.[12]
Indo-ganška nizija je geološki poznata kao pregibna ivica ili pregibni sliv.[13]
Vidi još
[uredi | uredi izvor]Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ Alter, Stephen (2001), Sacred Waters: A Pilgrimage Up the Ganga River to the Source of Hindu Culture, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade & Reference Publishers, ISBN 978-0151005857, Pristupljeno 30. 7. 2013
- ^ „US TV host takes dig at Ganges”. Zeenews.com. 16. 12. 2009. Pristupljeno 4. 7. 2012.
- ^ Bhattacharji & Bandyopadhyay 1995, str. 54
- ^ a b Ghosh 1990.
- ^ a b Rice, Earle (2012), The Ganges River, Mitchell Lane Publishers, Incorporated, str. 25, ISBN 978-1612283685
- ^ "Clean Up Or Perish" Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (3. novembar 2011), The Times of India, 19 March 2010
- ^ „Ganges River”. Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library izd.). 2011. Pristupljeno 23. 4. 2011.
- ^ Penn 2001, str. 88
- ^ a b v g d đ „Ganges River”. Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library izd.). 2011. Pristupljeno 16. 11. 2015.
- ^ a b v Ali & Aitchison 2005.
- ^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, str. 7
- ^ Prakash, B.; Kumar, Sudhir; Rao, M. Someshwar; Giri, S. C. (2000). „Holocene tectonic movements and stress field in the western Gangetic plains” (PDF). Current Science. 79 (4): 438—49.
- ^ Dmowska 2003, str. 14
Literatura
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- Elhance, Arun P. (1999). Hydropolitics in the Third World: Conflict and Cooperation in International River Basins. United States Institute of Peace. ISBN 978-1878379900.
- Gardner, Gary (2003). „Engaging Religion in the Quest for a Sustainable World”. Ur.: Bright, Chris; et al. State of the World: 2003 (Special 20th anniversary izd.). Norton. str. 152-76. ISBN 978-0393323863.
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- Hamilton, Francis (1822). An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches. A. Constable and company, Edinburgh.
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Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Ganges River na portalu Encyclopædia Britannica
- On Thinner Ice 如履薄冰: signs of trouble from the Water Tower of Asia, where headwaters feed into all the great rivers of Asia (by GRIP, Asia Society and MediaStorm)
- Ganga in the Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909
- Melting Glaciers Threaten Ganga
- Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law
- Ganga Ma: A Pilgrimage to the Source na sajtu YouTube
- An article about the land and the people of the Ganga
- The impacts of water infrastructure and climate change on the hydrology of the Upper Ganga River Basin
- Bahar Dutt, "Saving the Ganges" на сајту YouTube CNN–IBN Live 5 May 2012.
- The Ganges: A Journey into India
- It’s scientifically validated now; Ganga water is ‘holy’!
| Međunarodne | |
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| Državne | |
| Geografske | |
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