Gruzinsko pismo

Gruzinski
damts'erloba pismo u mhedruliju
Tip	alfabet
Jezici	Gruzinski (originalno) i drugi kartvelski jezici
Vremenski period	430. – sadašnjost
Porodica	po uzoru na grčki gruzinski
Pravac	sleva nadesno
ISO 15924	Geor, 240
Unikod naziv	Georgian
Unikod	U+10A0–U+10FF Gruzinski U+2D00–U+2D2F Gruzinski dodatak U+1C90–U+1CBF Prošireni gruzinski

Gruzinsko pismo (nepravilno gruzijsko pismo; gruz. ქართული დამწერლობა) se sastoji od 33 simbola. Gruzinski alfabet se koristi u gruzinskom jeziku. Gruzinski alfabet nema velikih i malih slova. Pojedina slova iz gruzinskog alfabeta imaju i brojnu vrednost.

Postoje tri pisma, koje se koriste za pisanje gruzinskog jezika: asomtavruli, nushuri i mhedruli. Njihova slova su ekvivalentna, dele iste nazive i abecedni red, a sva tri su jednodomna (nema razlike između velikih i malih slova). Iako se koriste sva tri oblika, medruli se uzima kao standard za gruzinski jezik i njemu povezane kartvelske jezike.

Izvorno je bilo 38 slova. Gruzinski jezik trenutno ima 33 slova abecede, a pet slova se više ne koriste. Abeceda mingrelskog jezika koristi 36 slova: 33 gruzijska, jedno slovo zastarelo za taj jezik, i dva dodatna slova specifična za mingrelski jezik. Ista slova, plus jedno slovo posuđeno iz grčkog, koristi se u abecedi od 35 slova čanskoga jezika. Četvrti kartvelski jezik, svanski jezik, obično se ne izražava slovima, ali koriste se slova abecede mingrelskog jezika, s dodatnim zastarelim gruzijskim slovom, a ponekad dopunjen dijakritičkim znakovima za svoje brojne samoglasnike.

Gruzinska pisma održavaju nacionalni status kulturnog nasleđa u Gruziji i trenutno je nominirano za uključivanje u popis Uneskove nematerijalne kulturne baštine.

Simbol u gruzijskom jeziku	Izgovor
ა	An
ბ	Ban
გ	Gan
დ	Don
ე	En
ვ	Vin
ზ	Zen
თ	Tan
ი	In
კ	Kan
ლ	Las
მ	Man
ნ	Nar
ო	On
პ	Par
ჟ	Žar
რ	Rae
ს	San
ტ	Tar
უ	Un
ფ	P'ar
ქ	Kar
ღ	Gan
ყ	K(j)ar
შ	Šin
ჩ	Čin
ც	C'an
ძ	Jil
წ	Cil
ჭ	Čar
ხ	Ksan
ჯ	J'an
ჰ	Hae

Pisma

Asomtavruli

Asomtavruli slova
Ⴀ	Ⴁ	Ⴂ	Ⴃ	Ⴄ	Ⴅ	Ⴆ	Ⴡ	Ⴇ	Ⴈ	Ⴉ	Ⴊ	Ⴋ	Ⴌ
Ⴢ	Ⴍ	Ⴎ	Ⴏ	Ⴐ	Ⴑ	Ⴒ	Ⴣ	ႭჃ, Ⴓ	Ⴔ	Ⴕ	Ⴖ	Ⴗ	Ⴘ
Ⴙ	Ⴚ	Ⴛ	Ⴜ	Ⴝ	Ⴞ	Ⴤ	Ⴟ	Ⴠ	Ⴥ

Nushuri

Nushurska slova
ⴀ	ⴁ	ⴂ	ⴃ	ⴄ	ⴅ	ⴆ	ⴡ	ⴇ	ⴈ	ⴉ	ⴊ	ⴋ	ⴌ
ⴢ	ⴍ	ⴎ	ⴏ	ⴐ	ⴑ	ⴒ	ⴣ	ⴍⴣ, ⴓ	ⴔ	ⴕ	ⴖ	ⴗ	ⴘ
ⴙ	ⴚ	ⴛ	ⴜ	ⴝ	ⴞ	ⴤ	ⴟ	ⴠ	ⴥ

Mhedruli

Mhedrulska slova
ა	ბ	გ	დ	ე	ვ	ზ	ჱ	თ	ი	კ	ლ	მ	ნ
ჲ	ო	პ	ჟ	რ	ს	ტ	ჳ	უ	ფ	ქ	ღ	ყ	შ
ჩ	ც	ძ	წ	ჭ	ხ	ჴ	ჯ	ჰ	ჵ	ჶ	ჷ	ჺ	ჸ	ჹ

Čitanje

Slovo	Ime	Brojno značenje	IPA	ISO 9984	Romanizacija	Ćirilično preslovljavanje	mhedruli (მხედრული)	nushuri (ⴌⴓⴑⴞⴓⴐⴈ)	asomtavruli (ႠႱႭႫႧႠႥႰႳႪႨ)
ა	ანი	1	ɑ	A a	A a	A a
ბ	ბანი	2	b	B b	B b	B b
გ	განი	3	g	G g	G g	G g
დ	დონი	4	d	D d	D d	D d
ე	ენი	5	ɛ	E e	E e	Э э, E e
ვ	ვინი	6	v	V v	V v	V v
ზ	ზენი	7	z	Z z	Z z	Z z
ჱ	ჰე	8	ɛj	—	—	—
თ	თანი	9	tʰ	T' t'	T t	Ҭ ҭ
ი	ინი	10	ɪ	I i	I i	I i
კ	კანი	20	k'	K k	K' k'	K k
ლ	ლასი	30	l	L l	L l	L l
მ	მანი	40	m	M m	M m	M m
ნ	ნარი	50	n	N n	N n	N n
ჲ	ჲე	60	j	—	—	Й й
ო	ონი	70	ɔ	O o	O o	O o
პ	პარი	80	p'	P p	P' p'	P p
ჟ	ჟანი	90	ʒ	Ž ž	Zh zh	Ž ž
რ	რაე	100	r	R r	R r	R r
ს	სანი	200	s	S s	S s	S s
ტ	ტარი	300	t'	T t	T' t'	T t
ჳ	ვიე	400	wi	—	—	—
უ	უნი	—	u	U u	U u	U u
ფ	ფარი	500	pʰ	P' p'	P p	Ҧ ҧ
ქ	ქანი	600	kʰ	K' k'	K k	Қ қ
ღ	ღანი	700	ʁ	Ḡ ḡ	Gh gh	Ҕ ҕ (G' g')
ყ	ყარი	800	q'	Q q	Q' q'	Ҟ ҟ
შ	შინი	900	ʃ	Š š	Sh sh	Š š
ჩ	ჩინი	1000	tʃ	Č' č'	Ch ch	Č č
ც	ცანი	2000	ts	C' c'	Ts ts	C c
ძ	ძილი	3000	dz	J j	Dz dz	Ӡ ӡ
წ	წილი	4000	tsʼ	C c	Ts' ts'	Ҵ ҵ
ჭ	ჭარი	5000	tʃʼ	Č č	Ch' ch'	Ҷ ҷ
ხ	ხანი	6000	χ	X x	Kh kh	H h
ჴ	ჴარ	7000	q	—	—	—
ჯ	ჯანი	8000	dʒ	J̌ ǰ	J j	Dž dž
ჰ	ჰაე	9000	h	H h	H h	Ҳ ҳ
ჵ	ჰოე	10000	hɔɛ	—	—	—
ჶ	ჶ	-	?	—	—	—
ჷ	ჷ	-	?	—	—	—
ჸ	ჸ	-	?	—	—	—
ჹ	ჹ	-	?	—	—	—
ჺ	ჺ	-	?	—	—	—

Neki nazivi ispisani gruzinskim alfabetom

Mhedruli pismo.

საქართველო

← Reč «Gruzija» ispisana gruzijskim alfabetom, a čita se «Sakartvelo»

სერბეთი

← Reč «Srbija» ispisana gruzijskim alfabetom, a čita se «Serbeti»

ევროპა

← Reč «Evropa» ispisana gruzijskim alfabetom, a čita se «Evropa»

ვიკიპედია

← Reč «Vikipedija» ispisana gruzijskim alfabetom, a čita se «Vikipedia»

ადამიანი

← Reč «čovek» ispisana gruzijskim alfabetom, a čita se «Adamiani»

Literatura

• Allen, William Edward David; Gugushvili, A., ur. (1937). „The Georgian Alphabet”. Georgica: A Journal of Georgian and Caucasian Studies (4–5): 324. 
• Aronson, Howard Isaac (1990). Georgian: A Reading Grammar. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89357-207-5. 
• Bowersock, Glen Warren; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999). Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-51173-6. 
• „Georgia”. Chambers's encyclopaedia; a dictionary of universal knowledge. Vol 5. London: W. & R. Chambers. 1901. 
• Daniels, Peter T. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7. 
• Enwall, Joakim (2010). „Turkish texts in Georgian script: Sociolinguistic and ethno-linguistic aspects”. Ur.: Boeschoten, Hendrik; Rentzsch, Julian. Turcology in Mainz. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-06113-1. 
• George, Julie A. (2009). The Politics of Ethnic Separatism in Russia and Georgia. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 978-0-230-10232-3. 
• Gillam, Richard (2003). Unicode Demystified: A Practical Programmer's Guide to the Encoding Standard. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 978-0-201-70052-7. 
• Greppin, John A.C. (1981). „Some comments on the origin of the Georgian alphabet”. Bazmavep (139): 449—456. 
• Haarmann, Harald (2012). „Ethnic Conflict and standardisation in the Caucasus”. Ur.: Matthias Hüning; Ulrike Vogl; Olivier Moliner. Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History. John Benjamins Publishing. str. 299. ISBN 978-90-272-0055-6. 
• Hewitt, B. G. (1995). Georgian: A Structural Reference Grammar. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3802-3. 
• Hüning, Matthias; Vogl, Ulrike; Moliner, Olivier (2012). Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-0055-6. 
• Katzner, Kenneth; Miller, Kirk (2002). The Languages of the World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-53288-9. 
• Kemertelidze, Nino (1999). „The Origin of Kartuli (Georgian) Writing (Alphabet)”. Ur.: David Cram; Andrew R. Linn; Elke Nowak. History of Linguistics 1996. Volume 1: Traditions in Linguistics Worldwide. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-8382-5. 
• Machavariani, E. (2011). Georgian manuscripts. Tbilisi. 
• Mchedlidze, T. (2013). The restored Georgian alphabet. Fulda, Germany. 
• Nakanishi, Akira (1990). Writing Systems of the World. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8048-1654-0. 
• Paolini, Stefano; Cholokashvili, Nikoloz (1629), Dittionario giorgiano e italiano, Rome: Palazzo di Propaganda Fide 
• Rapp, Stephen H. (2003). Studies in medieval Georgian historiography: early texts and Eurasian contexts. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-429-1318-9. 
• Rapp, Stephen H. (2006). „Recovering the Pre-National Caucasian Landscape”. Mythical Landscapes then and Now: The Mystification: 13—52. 
• Rapp, Stephen H. (2010). „Georgian Christianity”. Ur.: Ken Parry. The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-3361-9. 
• Rayfield, Donald (2013). The Literature of Georgia: A History. RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-7007-1163-5. 
• Shanidze, Mzekala (2000). „Greek influence in Georgian linguistics”. Ur.: Sylvain Auroux. History of the Language Sciences / Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften / Histoire des sciences du language. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-019400-5. 
• Shanidze, Akaki (2003), ქართული ენა [The Georgian Language] (na jeziku: gruzijski), Tbilisi, ISBN 978-1-4020-1440-6 
• Shanidze, Akaki (1973). The Basics of the Georgian language grammar. Tbilisi. 
• Thomson, Robert W. (1996). Rewriting Caucasian History: The Medieval Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian Chronicles : the Original Georgian Texts and the Armenian Adaptation. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-826373-9. 
• West, Barbara A. (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7. 
• Barnaveli, T. Inscriptions of Ateni Sioni Tbilisi, 1977
• Gamkrelidze, T. Writing system and the old Georgian script Tbilisi, 1989
• Javakhishvili, I. Georgian palaeography Tbilisi, 1949
• Kilanawa, B. Georgian script in the writing systems Tbilisi, 1990
• Khurtsilava, B. The Georgian asomtavruli alphabet and its authors: Bakur and Gri Ormizd, Tbilisi, 2009
• Pataridze, R. Georgian Asomtavruli Tbilisi, 1980
• Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), „Standard Georgian”, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255—264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659  

Spoljašnje veze

• Gruzinski alfabet, Omniglot
• Gallery of Mkhedruli, Omniglot page on Mkhedruli which shows some stylistic variations mentioned above
• Georgian alphabet animation na sajtu YouTube, produced by the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia. Gives the sound of each letter, illustrates several fonts, and shows the stroke order of each letter.
• Learn Georgian Alphabet Now app Gives the name, pronunciation of each letter, and example words. Shows the stroke order of each letter. Permits drawing practice and has a quiz to learn the letters.
• Lasha Kintsurashvili and Levan Chaganava, submissions to the 2014 International Exhibition of Calligraphy
• Reference grammar of Georgian by Howard Aronson (SEELRC, Duke University)
• Georgian transliteration + Georgian virtual keyboard
• „Unicode Code Chart (10A0–10FF) for Georgian scripts” (PDF).  (105 KB)
• „Transliteration of Georgian” (PDF).  (105 KB)