Dekanski sultanati

Dekanski sultanati su bile srednjovekovne indijske kraljevine koje su bile smeštene na Dekanskoj visoravni između reke Krišna i planinskog venca Vindhja. U dekanske sultanate su spadali:^[1] Ahmadnagar (1490—1636), Berar (1490—1574), Bidar (1527—1619), Bidžapur (1518—1686) i Golkonda (1512—1687). Države su dobile nezavisnost nakon raspada Bahmanijskog sultanata.^[2]^[3] Ahmadnagar je prvi dobio nezavisnost 1490. godine, a kasnije te godine su isto uradili Bidžapur i Berar. Golkonda je postala nezavisna 1518, a Bidar 1528. godine.^[4] Sultanati, iako uglavnom bili suparnici, su bili na istoj strani tokom borbi sa Vidžajanagarskim carstvom 1565. Sultanati su carsvu naneli težak poraz u bici kod Talikote koji je imao dalekosežne posledice po Vidžajanagaru.

Iako su svih pet sultanata vladali muslimani, njihovi osnivači su bili različitog i često prvobitno nemuslimanskog porekla: Ahmadnagar Sultanat je bio hindu-bramanskog porekla; Berarski sultanat je osnovao jedan kanadijski hinduistički preobraćenik;^[5] Bidarski sultanat je osnovao gruzinki rob;^[6] Bidžapurski sultanat je osnovao gruzinki rob kojeg je kupio Mahmud Gavan;^[7] a Golkondski sultanat je bio turkmenskog porekla.^[8]

Ahmadnagar je 1574. napao i osvojio Berar, dok je Bidar 1619. anektirao Bidžaput. Sve sultanate je do 1686. porobilo Mogulsko carstvo.^[9]

Kulturni doprinosi

Jedna od grobnica Kut Šaha (Sultanat Golkonda)

Gol Gumbaz (Bijapurski sultanat)

Jedna od grobnica Barid Šaha (Bidarski sultanat)

Grobnica Salabat Kana II (Ahmednagarski sultanat)

Vladari dekanskih sultanata sahranjeni su u složenim grobnicama sličnih stilova. U grobnicama su sahranjivani i važni članovi kraljevske porodice i dvorjani.^[10]

Dekansko minijaturno slikarstvo—koje je cvetalo na dvorovima Ahmadnagara, Bidžapura i Golkonde, još jedan je veliki kulturni doprinos dekanskih sultanata.^[11]

Ovom periodu pripadaju arhitektonska veličanstva Dekana kao što su Čarminar i Gol Gumbaz. Brojni spomenici koje su izgradili sultanati Dekana nalaze se na probnoj listi za nominaciju za Uneskovu svetsku baštinu.^[12] Verska tolerancija koju su pokazali vladari Nizam Šaha, Adil Šah i Kut Šah takođe je vredna pomena.

Ahmadnagar

Nizam Šah, vladari Ahmadnagara, sa entuzijazmom su štitili minijaturno slikarstvo, od kojih se najraniji sačuvani primerci nalaze kao ilustracije rukopisa Tarif-i-Husein Šaha (oko 1565), koji se sada nalazi u Barat Itihas Sanšodak Mandalu u Puni. Minijaturna slika Murtaza Nizam Šaha (oko 1575) nalazi se u Nacionalnoj biblioteci u Parizu, dok se još jedna nalazi u Raza biblioteci u Rampuru. Slon koji trči nalazi se u američkoj privatnoj kolekciji, Kraljevski piknik je u Biblioteci Indijske kancelarije u Londonu, a Mladi princ u zagrljaju devojčice, koji najverovatnije pripada periodu Burhan Nizam Šaha II, nalazi se u Trećoj kolekciji Edvina Binija južnoazijskih dela u Muzeju umetnosti San Dijega.^[13]

Najranija značajna arhitektura vladara Ahmadnagara Nizam Šaha je grobnica Ahmada Šaha I Bahrija (1509), u centru Bag Rouz, baštenskog kompleksa.^[14] Istom periodu pripada i Džami Masdžid. Meka Masdžid, koju je 1525. godine izgradio Rumi Kan, turski artiljerijski oficir Burhana Nizam Šaha I, originalna je po svom dizajnu. Kompleks Kotla je izgrađen 1537. godine kao verska obrazovna ustanova. Impresivni Fara Bag je bio središnji deo velikog dvorskog kompleksa završenog 1583. Ostali spomenici u Ahmednagaru iz perioda Nizam Šaha su Do Boti Čira (grobnica Šardža Kana, 1562), Damri Masdžid (1568) i Rumijeva grobnica Kan (1568). Džami Masdžid (1615) u Kirkiju (Aurangabad) i Čini Mahal unutar tvrđave Daulatabad izgrađeni su tokom kasnog perioda Nizam Šaha (1600–1636). Grob Malika Ambara u Kuldabadu (1626) je još jedan impresivan spomenik ovog perioda. Ovom periodu pripadaju i Kali Masdžid iz Džalne (1578) i grobnica Dilavar Kana (1613) u Radžgurunagaru.^[15]^[16]

Tokom vladavine Ahmada Šaha I Bahrija, njegov čuvar carskih zapisa, Dalapati, napisao je enciklopedijsko delo, Nrisima Prasada, gde je pominjao svog gospodara kao Nizamsahu. To je značajan primer verske tolerancije vladara Nizam Šaha.^[17]

Berar

Srušena palata Hauz Katora, 3 km (1,9 mi) zapadno od Ačalpura, jedini je značajan sačuvani spomenik Imadu Šahu.^[18]

Bidar

Glavne arhitektonske aktivnosti za vladare Barid Šaha bile su izgradnja baštenskih grobnica. Grobnica Ali Barid Šaha (1577) je najznačajniji spomenik u Bidaru.^[19] Grobnica se sastoji od uzvišene komore sa kupolom, otvorene sa četiri strane, koja se nalazi u sredini persijskog vrta sa četiri kvadrata. Randžin Mahal u Bidaru, izgrađen za vreme vladavine Ali Barid Šaha, je kompletna i izvrsno ukrašena dvorska građevina. Drugi važni spomenici u Bidaru iz ovog perioda su grob Kasima II i Kali Masdžid.^[20]

Važna klasa metalnih radova poznata kao Bidri je nastala u Bidaru. Ova metalna konstrukcija se sastoji od crnog metala, obično legure cinka, umetnutog složenim dizajnom od srebra, mesinga, a ponekad i bakra.^[21]

Vidi još

Istorija Indije

Reference

^ Sohoni, Pushkar (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784537944.
^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.269
^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. str. 117—119. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, p.412
^ Ferishta, Mahomed Kasim (1829). History of the Rise of the Mahometan Power in India, till the year A.D. 1612. III. Prevod: Briggs, John. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green.
^ Bosworth (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Columbia University Press.
^ I. M. Muthanna (1977). Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture. Lotus Printers. str. 120. Arhivirano iz originala 27. 5. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 25. 4. 2021. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Ahmed, Farooqui Salma (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. str. 177. ISBN 9788131711200. Arhivirano iz originala 18. 11. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 17. 5. 2022. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ „500 years of Deccan history fading away due to neglect”. The Times of India. Arhivirano iz originala 28. 12. 2018. g. Pristupljeno 27. 12. 2018. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ „The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (na jeziku: engleski). Arhivirano iz originala 1. 2. 2018. g. Pristupljeno 28. 9. 2018. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ „Deccani painting”. Encyclopedia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski). Arhivirano iz originala 27. 1. 2019. g. Pristupljeno 27. 1. 2019. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ „Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate”. UNESCO World Heritage Center. Arhivirano iz originala 17. 5. 2014. g. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). „Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates”. The New Cambridge History of India. I. Cambridgeb: Cambridge University Press. str. 145—151. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.
^ Sohoni, Pushkar (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India (1. izd.). London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781838609276. Arhivirano iz originala 27. 5. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 5. 8. 2019. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Sohoni, Pushkar (2010). Local Idioms and Global Designs: Architecture of the Nizam Shahs (Ph.D. thesis). University of Pennsylvania. Arhivirano iz originala 31. 10. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 31. 5. 2014. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). „Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan sultanates”. The New Cambridge History of India. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 80—86. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.
^ Bhattacharya, D. C. (1962). „The Nibandhas”. Ur.: Radhakrishnan, S. The Cultural Heritage of India. II. Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. str. 378. ISBN 81-85843-03-1.
^ Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). „Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates”. The New Cambridge History of India. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 41. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.
^ Yazdani 1947, str. 152.
^ George & Zebrowski 1999, str. 14 & pp.77–80.
^ Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). „Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan sultanates”. The New Cambridge History of India. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 239—240. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.

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Spoljašnje veze

[Sohoni2018-1] Sohoni, Pushkar (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784537944.

[2] Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.269

[sen2-3] Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. str. 117—119. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.

[4] Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, p.412

[Ferishta-5] Ferishta, Mahomed Kasim (1829). History of the Rise of the Mahometan Power in India, till the year A.D. 1612. III. Prevod: Briggs, John. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green.

[6] Bosworth (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Columbia University Press.

[7] I. M. Muthanna (1977). Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture. Lotus Printers. str. 120. Arhivirano iz originala 27. 5. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 25. 4. 2021. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[8] Ahmed, Farooqui Salma (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. str. 177. ISBN 9788131711200. Arhivirano iz originala 18. 11. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 17. 5. 2022. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[9] „500 years of Deccan history fading away due to neglect”. The Times of India. Arhivirano iz originala 28. 12. 2018. g. Pristupljeno 27. 12. 2018. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[:0-10] „The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (na jeziku: engleski). Arhivirano iz originala 1. 2. 2018. g. Pristupljeno 28. 9. 2018. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[11] „Deccani painting”. Encyclopedia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski). Arhivirano iz originala 27. 1. 2019. g. Pristupljeno 27. 1. 2019. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[12] „Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate”. UNESCO World Heritage Center. Arhivirano iz originala 17. 5. 2014. g. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[michell_145-13] Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). „Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates”. The New Cambridge History of India. I. Cambridgeb: Cambridge University Press. str. 145—151. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.

[14] Sohoni, Pushkar (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India (1. izd.). London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781838609276. Arhivirano iz originala 27. 5. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 5. 8. 2019. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[15] Sohoni, Pushkar (2010). Local Idioms and Global Designs: Architecture of the Nizam Shahs (Ph.D. thesis). University of Pennsylvania. Arhivirano iz originala 31. 10. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 31. 5. 2014. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[michell_80-16] Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). „Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan sultanates”. The New Cambridge History of India. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 80—86. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.

[17] Bhattacharya, D. C. (1962). „The Nibandhas”. Ur.: Radhakrishnan, S. The Cultural Heritage of India. II. Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. str. 378. ISBN 81-85843-03-1.

[michel_41-18] Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). „Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates”. The New Cambridge History of India. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 41. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.

[FOOTNOTEYazdani1947152-19] Yazdani 1947, str. 152.

[FOOTNOTEGeorgeZebrowski199914_&_pp.77–80-20] George & Zebrowski 1999, str. 14 & pp.77–80.

[michell_239-21] Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). „Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan sultanates”. The New Cambridge History of India. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 239—240. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.

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