Edvard Džener
| Edvard Džener | |
|---|---|
 Edvard Džener | |
| Lični podaci | |
| Datum rođenja | 17. maj 1749. |
| Mesto rođenja | Berkli, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo |
| Datum smrti | 26. januar 1823. (73 god.) |
| Mesto smrti | Berkli, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo |
| Obrazovanje | St George's, Univerzitet u Londonu, Univerzitet u Sent Endruzu |
Edvard Džener (engl. Edward Jenner; Berkli, 17. maj 1749 — Berkli, 26. januar 1823) je bio engleski seoski lekar u Berkliju, poznat po radu koji je u medicinu uveo vakcinu za velike boginje.[1][2][3]
U Dženerovo vreme radila se inokulacija boginjama, koja je imala dve ogromne mane: bila je opasna i kad bi infekcija od inokulacije prošla, i pacijent je bio zaražen boginjama. Ovo ga je činilo neotpornim na bilo koju familiju na koju već nije bio imun. Postojala je lokalna tradicija među onima koji su muzli krave da onaj ko se zarazi takozvanim „kravljim boginjama“ ne dobija velike boginje. Kravlje boginje su povezane sa boginjama i Džener je shvatio da, ukoliko je lokalna tradicija tačna, to bi predstavljalo određenu prednost u odnosu na korišćenje boginja u inokulaciji. Dana 14. maja 1796. godine, testirao je inokulaciju kravljim boginjama na osmogodišnjem dečaku, Džejmsu Fipsu na isti način kao i što se radila inokulacija boginjama. Dečko se posle 6 meseci uspešno oporavio. Kada je Džener posle primenio inokulaciju boginjama, dečak je već bio imun.[4] Džener je ovaj metod nazvao vakcinacija (vaccination), jer je originalni materijal bio od krave (lat. Vacca).[5] Džener je uvideo dugosežne implikacije vakcinacije, i znao je da će doći dan kada boginje neće predstavljati opasnost; njegov san se i ostvario globalnim istrebljenjem ove bolesti kasnih 70-ih 20. veka. Za ovaj pionirski rad na polju vakcinacije, Džener se smatra ocem imunizacije.
Studirao je anatomiju i hirurgiju kod Džon Hantera, poznatog londonskog hirurga, a onda se vratio u Berkli na praksu. Dženerova kuća u Berkliju je sada Dženerov muzej. Džener je bio i pažljivi posmatrač prirode, i prvi koji je zapazio kako mladunci kukavice guraju jaja ptice čije je gnezdo, da bi samo oni uzimali hranu od lažnih roditelja. Zbog ovog zapažanja izabran je za člana kraljevskog društva 1789. godine.
Publikacije
[uredi | uredi izvor]Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ „Jenner, Edward (1749 – 1823)”. rcpe.ac.uk. Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Arhivirano iz originala 12. 05. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 2018-06-26.
- ^ Riedel, Stefan (januar 2005). „Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination”. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). Baylor University Medical Center. 18 (1): 21—25. PMC 1200696
. PMID 16200144. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028.
- ^ Baxby, Derrick. „Jenner, Edward (1749–1823)”. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Pristupljeno 14. 2. 2014.
- ^ „Edward Jenner”. The History of Vaccines. Arhivirano iz originala 05. 01. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 5. 2. 2020.
- ^ Baxby, Derrick (1999). „Edward Jenner's Inquiry; a bicentenary analysis”. Vaccine. 17 (4): 301—7. PMID 9987167. doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00207-2.
- ^ Edward Jenner. „An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ, Or Cow-Pox. 1798”. The Harvard Classics, 1909–1914.
- ^ Edward Jenner. „Further Observations on the Variolæ Vaccinæ, or Cow-Pox. 1799”. The Harvard Classics, 1909–1914.
- ^ Edward Jenner. „A Continuation of Facts and Observations Relative to the Variolæ Vaccinæ, or Cow-Pox. 1800”. The Harvard Classics, 1909–1914.
- ^ "The origins of vaccination: no inoculation, no vaccination". James Lind Initiative, the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and Minervation Ltd
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Papers at the Royal College of Physicians Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (7. novembar 2017)
- Baron, John M.D. F.R.S., "The Life of Edward Jenner MD LLD FRS", Henry Colburn, London, 1827.
- Baron, John, "The Life of Edward Jenner with illustrations of his doctrines and selections from his correspondence". Two volumes. London 1838.
- Edward Jenner, the man and his work. BMJ 1949 E Ashworth Underwood
- Fisher, Richard B., "Edward Jenner 1749–1823," Andre Deutsch, London, 1991.
- Cartwright K (oktobar 2005). „From Jenner to modern smallpox vaccines”. Occupational Medicine. 55 (7): 563. PMID 16251374. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqi163 .
- Riedel S (januar 2005). „Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination”. Proceedings. 18 (1): 21—25. PMC 1200696 . PMID 16200144. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028.
- Tan SY (novembar 2004). „Edward Jenner (1749–1823): conqueror of smallpox” (PDF). Singapore Medical Journal. 45 (11): 507—08. PMID 15510320.
- van Oss CJ (novembar 2000). „Inoculation against smallpox as the precursor to vaccination”. Immunological Investigations. 29 (4): 443—46. PMID 11130785.
- Gross CP, Sepkowitz KA (1998). „The myth of the medical breakthrough: smallpox, vaccination, and Jenner reconsidered”. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 3 (1): 54—60. PMID 9831677. doi:10.1016/S1201-9712(98)90096-0 .
- Willis NJ (avgust 1997). „Edward Jenner and the eradication of smallpox”. Scottish Medical Journal. 42 (4): 118—21. PMID 9507590. S2CID 43179073. doi:10.1177/003693309704200407.
- Theves G (1997). „Smallpox: an historical review” [Smallpox: an historical review]. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Médicales du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (na jeziku: nemački). 134 (1): 31—51. PMID 9303824.
- Kempa ME (decembar 1996). „Edward Jenner (1749–1823) – benefactor to mankind (100th anniversary of the first vaccination against smallpox)”. Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski (na jeziku: poljski). 1 (6): 433—34. PMID 9273243.
- Baxby D (novembar 1996). „The Jenner bicentenary: the introduction and early distribution of smallpox vaccine”. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 16 (1): 1—10. PMID 8954347. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00105.x.
- Larner AJ (septembar 1996). „Smallpox”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 335 (12): 901; author reply 902. PMID 8778627. doi:10.1056/nejm199609193351217.
- Aly A, Aly S (septembar 1996). „Smallpox”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 335 (12): 900—01; author reply 902. PMID 8778626. doi:10.1056/NEJM199609193351217.
- Magner J (septembar 1996). „Smallpox”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 335 (12): 900—02. PMID 8778624. doi:10.1056/NEJM199609193351217.
- Kumate-Rodríguez J (1996). „Bicentennial of smallpox vaccine: experiences and lessons” [Bicentennial of smallpox vaccine: experiences and lessons]. Salud Pública de México (na jeziku: španski). 38 (5): 379—85. PMID 9092091.
- Budai J (avgust 1996). „200th anniversary of the Jenner smallpox vaccine” [200th anniversary of the Jenner smallpox vaccine]. Orvosi Hetilap (na jeziku: mađarski). 137 (34): 1875—77. PMID 8927342.
- Rathbone J (jun 1996). „Lady Mary Wortley Montague's contribution to the eradication of smallpox”. Lancet. 347 (9014): 1566. PMID 8684145. S2CID 36862611. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90724-2.
- Baxby D (jun 1996). „The Jenner bicentenary; still uses for smallpox vaccine”. Epidemiology and Infection. 116 (3): 231—34. PMC 2271423 . PMID 8666065. doi:10.1017/S0950268800052523.
- Cook GC (maj 1996). „Dr William Woodville (1752–1805) and the St Pancras Smallpox Hospital”. Journal of Medical Biography. 4 (2): 71—78. PMID 11616267. S2CID 20098740. doi:10.1177/096777209600400202.
- Baxby D (1996). „Jenner and the control of smallpox”. Transactions of the Medical Society of London. 113: 18—22. PMID 10326082.
- Dunn PM (januar 1996). „Dr Edward Jenner (1749–1823) of Berkeley, and vaccination against smallpox”. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 74 (1): F77—78. PMC 2528332 . PMID 8653442. doi:10.1136/fn.74.1.F77.
- Meynell E (avgust 1995). „French reactions to Jenner's discovery of smallpox vaccination: the primary sources”. Social History of Medicine. 8 (2): 285—303. PMID 11639810. doi:10.1093/shm/8.2.285.
- Bloch H (jul 1993). „Edward Jenner (1749–1823). The history and effects of smallpox, inoculation, and vaccination”. American Journal of Diseases of Children. 147 (7): 772—74. PMID 8322750. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1993.02160310074022.
- Roses DF (oktobar 1992). „From Hunter and the Great Pox to Jenner and smallpox”. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics. 175 (4): 365—72. PMID 1411896.
- Turk JL, Allen E (april 1990). „The influence of John Hunter's inoculation practice on Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination against smallpox”. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 83 (4): 266—67. PMC 1292617 . PMID 2187990. doi:10.1177/014107689008300419.
- Poliakov VE (decembar 1985). „Edward Jenner and vaccination against smallpox” [Edward Jenner and vaccination against smallpox]. Meditsinskaia Sestra (na jeziku: ruski). 44 (12): 49—51. PMID 3912642.
- Hammarsten JF, Tattersall W, Hammarsten JE (1979). „Who discovered smallpox vaccination? Edward Jenner or Benjamin Jesty?”. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. 90: 44—55. PMC 2279376 . PMID 390826.
- Rodrigues BA (1975). „Smallpox eradication in the Americas”. Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization. 9 (1): 53—68. PMID 167890.
- Wynder EL (mart 1974). „A corner of history: Jenner and his smallpox vaccine”. Preventive Medicine. 3 (1): 173—75. PMID 4592685. doi:10.1016/0091-7435(74)90074-7.
- Andreae H (jun 1973). „Edward Jenner, initiator of cowpox vaccination against human smallpox, died 150 years ago” [Edward Jenner, initiator of cowpox vaccination against human smallpox, died 150 years ago]. Das Offentliche Gesundheitswesen (na jeziku: nemački). 35 (6): 366—67. PMID 4269783.
- Friedrich I (februar 1973). „A cure for smallpox. On the 150th anniversary of Edward Jenner's death” [A cure for smallpox. On the 150th anniversary of Edward Jenner's death]. Orvosi Hetilap (na jeziku: mađarski). 114 (6): 336—38. PMID 4567814.
- MacNalty AS (januar 1968). „The prevention of smallpox: from Edward Jenner to Monckton Copeman”. Medical History. 12 (1): 1—18. PMC 1033768 . PMID 4867646. doi:10.1017/s0025727300012722.
- Udovitskaia EF (novembar 1966). „Edward Jenner and the history of his scientific achievement. (On the 170th anniversary of the discovery of smallpox vaccination)” [Edward Jenner and the history of his scientific achievement. (On the 170th anniversary of the discovery of smallpox vaccination)]. Vrachebnoe Delo (na jeziku: ruski). 11: 111—15. PMID 4885910.
- Voigt K (1964). „The Pharmacy Displa Window. Edward Jenner Discovered Smallpox Vaccination” [The Pharmacy Display Window. Edward Jenner Discovered Smallpox Vaccination]. Pharmazeutische Praxis (na jeziku: nemački). 106: 88—89. PMID 14237138.
- Ordnance Survey showing reference to Smallpox Hil: http://explore.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/os_routes/show/1539 Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (3. februar 2011)
- Davies JW (1970). „A historical note on the Reverend John Clinch, first Canadian vaccinator”. CMAJ. 102 (9): 957—61. PMC 1946720 . PMID 4951061.
- Roberts KB (1978). „Smallpox: an historic disease”. Memorial University of Newfoundland Occas Papers Med Hist. 1: 31—39.
- LeFanu WR. (1951). A bio-bibliography of Edward Jenner, 1749–1823. London: Harvey and Blythe.; 1951. pp. 103–08.
- Smallpox Zero. African Comic Production House, Johannesburg, South Africa. 2010. ISBN 978-0-620-43765-3. Arhivirano iz originala 19. 1. 2012. g.
Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Edward Jenner na sajtu Projekat Gutenberg (jezik: engleski)
- Edvard Džener na sajtu LibriVox (jezik: engleski)
- Edvard Džener na sajtu Internet Archive (jezik: engleski)
- A digitized copy of An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variola vaccine (1798), from the Posner Memorial Collection at Carnegie Mellon
- Dr Jenner’s House, Museum and Garden, Berkeley
- The Evolution of Modern Medicine. Osler, W[mrtva veza] (FTP)
- Dženerovi spisi o vakcinaciji
- Dženerov muzej
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