Krišna
| Krišna | |
|---|---|
Bog zaštite, saosećanja, nežnosti i ljubavi;[1] Jogešvara – gospodar joge ili jogija;[2][3] parabrahman, Svajam Bagavan (krišnizam-višnuizam) | |
| Pripadnik Dašavatar | |
 Statua Krišne u Šri Marijaman hramu, Singapur. | |
| Lični podaci | |
| Ime u devanagari | कृष्ण |
| Sanskritska transliteracija | Kṛṣṇa |
| Mesto rođenja | Matura, Sarasena (današnji Utar Pradeš, Indija)[4] |
| Mesto smrti | Balka, Sauraštra (današni Veraval, Gujarat, Indija)[5] |
| Porodica | |
| Supružnici | [note 1] |
| Deca | [note 2] |
| Dinastija | Jaduvanši-Čandravanši |
| Mitologija | |
| Pripadnost |
|
| Mantra | Hare Krišna |
| Oružje | |
| Bitke | Kurukšetranski rat |
| Planina | Garuda |
Krišna (sanskrit: कृष्ण kṛṣṇa - crni, sveprivlačni)[12] je hinduističko božanstvo,[13] koje se najčešće poštuje kao osma inkarnacija (avatar) boga Višnu, dok ga većina višnuista smatra za izvornu božansku ličnost koja je takođe i izvor Višnua.[13] Po višnuistima Krišna je Bog u svom najintimnijem izdanju. On se bezbrižno zabavlja, okružen osobama koje ga čisto i nemotivisano vole.[14][15][16] To su dečaci pastiri, pastirice, njegovi roditelji i stariji žitelji božanskog sela Vrindavana. Te ljubavne razmene su lišene strahopoštovanja i formalnosti, smatraju se najuzvišenijm ciljem duhovne samospoznaje.[17][18] Vedski spisi ga opisuju kao boga boje svežeg olujnog oblaka. Sa sobom uvek nosi sviralu (bansuri), dok u kosi ima pero pauna. Iako se to naučno ne može utvrditi, hinduisti veruju da je bio istorijska ličnost. Krišnin rođendan svake godine proslavljaju hindusi na Krišna Džanmaštami prema lunisolarnom hindu kalendaru, koji pada krajem avgusta ili početkom septembra po gregorijanskom kalendaru.[19][20]
Anegdote i priče o Krišninom životu uglavnom se nazivaju Krišna Lila. On je centralni lik u Mahabharati, Bagavata Purani, Brahma Vajvarta Purani i Bagavad Giti, i pominje se u mnogim hinduističkim filozofskim, teološkim i mitološkim tekstovima.[21] Oni ga prikazuju u različitim perspektivama: kao bogodete, šaljivdžiju, uzornog ljubavnika, božanskog junaka i univerzalno vrhovno biće.[22] Njegova ikonografija odražava ove legende i prikazuje ga u različitim fazama njegovog života, kao što je dete koje jede puter, dečak koji svira flautu, dečak sa Radom ili okružen poklonicama; ili prijateljski kočijaš koji daje savete Ardžuni.[23]
Ime i sinonimi Krišne se nalaze u književnosti i kultovima iz 1. milenijuma pre nove ere.[24] U nekim pod-tradicijama, Krišna se obožava kao Svajam Bagavan (Vrhovni Bog), a ponekad je poznat i kao krišnizam. Ove podtradicije su nastale u kontekstu Bakti pokreta srednjeg veka.[25][26] Literatura vezana za Krišnu inspirisala je brojne predstave kao što su ples Baratanatijam, Katakali, Kučipudi, Odisi i Manipuri.[27][28] On je panhinduski bog, ali je posebno poštovan na nekim lokacijama, kao što su Vrindavan u Utar Pradešu,[29] Dvarka i Džunagad u Gudžaratu; Džaganata aspekt u Odiši, Majapuru u Zapadnom Bengalu;[25][30][31] u obliku Vitobe u Pandarpuru, Maharaštri, Šrinatdži u Natdvari u Radžastanu,[25][32] Udupi Krišni u Karnataki,[33] Partasarati u Tamil Nadu, Partasarati u Aranmuli, Kerali i Guruvajorapanu u Guruvajoru u Kerali.[34] Od 1960-ih, obožavanje Krišne se takođe proširilo na zapadni svet i Afriku, uglavnom zahvaljujući radu Međunarodnog društva za svest o Krišni (ISKCON).[35]
Vidi još
[uredi | uredi izvor]Napomene
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ Radha is seen as Krishna's lover-consort. On the other hand, Rukmini and others are married to him. Krishna had eight chief wives, who were referred to as the Ashtabharya. The regional texts vary in the identity of Krishna's wife (consort), some presenting it as Rukmini, some as Radha, all gopis, and some identifying all to be different aspects or manifestation of Devi Lakshmi.[6][7]
- ^ Number of Krishna's children varies from one interpretation to another. According to some scriptures like the Bhagavata Purana, Krishna had 10 children from each of his wives (16,008 wives and 160,080 children)[9]
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ Bryant & Ekstrand 2004, str. 20–25, quote: "Three Dimensions of Krishna's Divinity (...) divine majesty and supremacy, (...) divine tenderness and intimacy, (...) compassion and protection., (..., p. 24) Krishna as the God of Love".
- ^ Swami Sivananda (1964). Sri Krishna. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. str. 4.
- ^ „Krishna the Yogeshwara”. The Hindu. 12. 9. 2014.
- ^ Raychaudhuri 1972, str. 124
- ^ Diana L. Eck (2012). India: A Sacred Geography. Harmony. str. 380—381. ISBN 978-0-385-53190-0.. Quote: "Krishna was shot through the foot, hand, and heart by the single arrow of a hunter named Jara. Krishna was reclining there, so they say, and Jara mistook his reddish foot for a deer and released his arrow. There Krishna died."
- ^ a b John Stratton Hawley, Donna Marie Wulff (1982). The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. str. 12. ISBN 978-0-89581-102-8.
- ^ Bryant 2007, str. 443.
- ^ Naravane, Vishwanath S. (1987). A Companion to Indian Mythology: Hindu, Buddhist & Jaina (na jeziku: engleski). Thinker's Library, Technical Publishing House.
- ^ Sinha, Purnendu Narayana (1950). A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism (na jeziku: engleski). Library of Alexandria. ISBN 978-1-4655-2506-2.
- ^ Bryant 2007, str. 114.
- ^ K. Klostermaier (1997). The Charles Strong Trust Lectures, 1972–1984. Crotty, Robert B. Brill Academic Pub. str. 109. ISBN 978-90-04-07863-5. „(...) After attaining to fame eternal, he again took up his real nature as Brahman. The most important among Visnu's avataras is undoubtedly Krsna, the black one, also called Syama. For his worshippers he is not an avatara in the usual sense, but Svayam Bhagavan, the Lord himself.”
- ^ "Krishna". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- ^ a b „Krishna”. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26. 6. 2023.
- ^ Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1993). Ineffability: The Failure of Words in Philosophy and Religion
. State University of New York Press. str. 166. ISBN 978-0-7914-1347-0.
- ^ Edwin Bryant & Maria Ekstrand 2004, str. 21–24.
- ^ Edwin Bryant & Maria Ekstrand 2004, str. 20–25, quote: "Three Dimensions of Krishna's Divinity (...) divine majesty and supremacy, (...) divine tenderness and intimacy, (...) compassion and protection., (..., p.24) Krishna as the God of Love".
- ^ „Krishna Hindu deity”. Britannica. 26. 6. 2023. Pristupljeno 22. 1. 2021.(jezik: engleski)
- ^ „Krishna”. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Pristupljeno 22. 1. 2021.(jezik: engleski)
- ^ „Krishna”. World History Encyclopedia.
- ^ James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M. The Rosen Publishing Group. str. 314–315. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8.
- ^ Richard Thompson, Ph.D. (decembar 1994). „Reflections on the Relation Between Religion and Modern Rationalism”. Arhivirano iz originala 4. 1. 2011. g. Pristupljeno 12. 4. 2008.
- ^ Mahony, W. K. (1987). „Perspectives on Krsna's Various Personalities”. History of Religions. 26 (3): 333—335. JSTOR 1062381. S2CID 164194548. doi:10.1086/463085. Quote: "Krsna's various appearances as a divine hero, alluring god child, cosmic prankster, perfect lover, and universal supreme being (...)".
- ^ Knott 2000, str. 15, 36, 56
- ^ Hein, Norvin (1986). „A Revolution in Kṛṣṇaism: The Cult of Gopāla”. History of Religions. 25 (4): 296—317. JSTOR 1062622. S2CID 162049250. doi:10.1086/463051.
- ^ a b v Hardy 1987, str. 387–392.
- ^ Ravi Gupta and Kenneth Valpey (2013). The Bhagavata Purana. Columbia University Press. str. 185–200. ISBN 978-0231149990.
- ^ Bryant 2007, str. 118.
- ^ ML Varadpande (1987). History of Indian Theatre. 1. Abhinav Publications. str. 98—99. ISBN 978-8170172215.
- ^ Hawley 2020.
- ^ Miśra 2005.
- ^ J. Gordon Melton (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-Clio. str. 330—331. ISBN 978-1-59884-205-0.
- ^ Cynthia Packert (2010). The Art of Loving Krishna: Ornamentation and Devotion. Indiana University Press. str. 5, 70—71, 181—187. ISBN 978-0-253-22198-8.
- ^ Bryant 2007, str. 3.
- ^ Lavanya Vemsani (2016). Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. str. 112—113. ISBN 978-1-61069-211-3.
- ^ Selengut, Charles (1996). „Charisma and Religious Innovation:Prabhupada and the Founding of ISKCON”. ISKCON Communications Journal. 4 (2). Arhivirano iz originala 10. 7. 2012. g.
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Brown, Sara Black (2014). „Krishna, Christians, and Colors: The Socially Binding Influence of Kirtan Singing at a Utah Hare Krishna Festival”. Ethnomusicology. 58 (3): 454—480. JSTOR 10.5406/ethnomusicology.58.3.0454. doi:10.5406/ethnomusicology.58.3.0454.
- Archer, W. G. (2004) [1957]. The Loves of Krishna in Indian Painting and Poetry. Mineola, NY: Dover Publ. ISBN 0-486-43371-4.
- Basu, M. M. (1932). The Post-Caitanya Sahajiya Cult of Bengal. Calcutta: University of Calcutta Press.
- Beck, Guy L. (1993). Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound. Studies in Comparative Religion. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0872498557.
- Beck, Guy L., ur. (2005). Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6415-1.
- Brown, C. Mackenzie (1983). „The Origin and Transmission of the Two "Bhāgavata Purāṇas": A Canonical and Theological Dilemma”. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 51 (4): 551—567. JSTOR 1462581. doi:10.1093/jaarel/li.4.551.
- Bryant, Edwin F.; Ekstrand, Maria (2004). The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-50843-8.
- Bryant, Edwin F. (2004). Krishna: the beautiful legend of God. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-044799-6.
- Bryant, Edwin F. (2007), Krishna: A Sourcebook, Oxford University Press, USA, ISBN 978-0-19-514891-6
- Dimmitt, Cornelia; van Buitenen, J. A. B. (2012). Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas. Temple University Press (1st Edition: 1977). ISBN 978-1-4399-0464-0.
- Doniger, Wendy (1993). Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1381-4.
- Ekstrand, Maria (2004). Bryant, Edwin H., ur. The Hare Krishna movement: the postcharismatic fate of a religious transplant. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12256-6.
- Eschmann, Anncharlott; Kulke, Hermann; Tripathi, Gaya Charan, ur. (1978) [Rev. ed. 2014]. The Cult of Jagannath and the regional tradition of Orissa. South Asian Studies, 8. New Delhi: Manohar. ISBN 9788173046179.
- Flood, Galvin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0
- Gaurangapada, Swami. „Sixty-four qualities of Sri Krishna”. Nitaaiveda. Nitaiiveda. Arhivirano iz originala 30. 8. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 2013-05-24.
- Goswami, S. D. (1995). The Qualities of Sri Krsna. GNPress. ISBN 978-0-911233-64-3. Arhivirano iz originala 18. 5. 2015. g.
- Hardy, Friedhelm E. (1987). „Kṛṣṇaism”. Ur.: Mircea Eliade. The Encyclopedia of Religion. 8. New York: MacMillan. str. 387—392. ISBN 978-0-02897-135-3 — preko Encyclopedia.com.
- Hardy, Friedhelm E. (1981). Viraha-Bhakti: The Early Development of Kṛṣṇa Devotion in South India. Oxford University South Asian Studies Series. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-564916-8.
- Hawley, John Stratton (2020). Krishna's Playground: Vrindavan in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190123987.
- Irwin, John (1974). „The Heliodorus Pillar at Besanagar”. Puratattva. Archaeological Society of India (co-published Art and Archaeology Research Papers, USA). 8: 166—176.
- Khare, M D. (1967). „Discovery of a Vishnu temple near the Heliodorus pillar, Besnagar, Dist. Vidisha (MP)”. Lalit Kala. 13: 21—27. JSTOR 44138838.
- Khare, M D. (1975). „The Heliodorus Pillar – A Fresh Appraisal: A Rejoinder”. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 36: 92—97. JSTOR 44138838.
- Miśra, Narayan (2005). Durga Nandan Mishra, ur. Annals and Antiquities of the Temple of Jagannātha. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. ISBN 81-7625-747-8.
- Shah, Natubhai (2004) [First published in 1998], Jainism: The World of Conquerors, I, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1938-2
- Singh, Upinder (2016), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Pearson Education, ISBN 978-93-325-6996-6
- The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, published between 1883 and 1896
- The Vishnu-Purana, translated by H. H. Wilson, (1840)
- The Srimad Bhagavatam, translated by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, (1988) copyright Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
- Knott, Kim (2000), Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, USA, str. 160, ISBN 978-0-19-285387-5
- The Jataka or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births, edited by E. B. Cowell, (1895)
- Matchett, Freda (2001). Kṛṣṇa, Lord or Avatāra?. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1281-6.
- Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2001), Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-7154-839-2
- Susan V Mishra; Himanshu P Ray (2017). The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-67920-7.
- Garuda Pillar of Besnagar, Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report (1908–1909). Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1912, 129.
- Marijke J. Klokke (2000). Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11865-2.
- Kumar Das, Sisir (2006). A history of Indian literature, 500–1399. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-2171-0.
- Ramnarace, Vijay (2014). Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa's Vedāntic Debut: Chronology & Rationalisation in the Nimbārka Sampradāya (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh.
- Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-02522-5.
- Rosen, Steven (2006). Essential Hinduism. New York: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-99006-0.
- Schomer, Karine; McLeod, W. H., ur. (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 9788120802773
- Sheridan, Daniel (1986). The Advaitic Theism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa. Columbia, Mo: South Asia Books. ISBN 978-81-208-0179-0.
- Starza, O. M. (1993). The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art and Cult. Studies in South Asian culture, 15. Leiden; New York; Köln: Brill. ISBN 90-04-09673-6.
- Sutton, Nicholas (2000). Religious doctrines in the Mahābhārata. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. str. 477. ISBN 978-81-208-1700-5.
- Toffin, Gérard (2012). „The Power of Boundaries: Transnational Links among Krishna Pranamis of India and Nepal”. Ur.: John Zavos; et al. Public Hinduisms. New Delhi: SAGE Publ. India. стр. 249—254. ISBN 978-81-321-1696-7.
- Valpey, Kenneth R. (2006). Attending Kṛṣṇa's image: Caitanya Vaiṣṇava mūrti-sevā as devotional truth. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-38394-3.
- History of Indian Theatre By M. L. Varadpande. Chapter Theatre of Krishna, pp. 231–94. Published 1991, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 81-7017-278-0.
- Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987). History of Indian theatre. vol. 3. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-221-5.
- Zimmer, Heinrich (1953) [1952], Campbell, Joseph, ur., Philosophies Of India, London, E.C. 4: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6
- Crowley, Aleister (1991). Liber Aleph. Weiser Books. str. 71. ISBN 978-0-87728-729-2. and Crowley, Aleister (1980). The Book of Lies. Red Wheels. str. 24–25. ISBN 978-0-87728-516-8.
- Apiryon, Tau; Apiryon (1995). Mystery of Mystery: A Primer of Thelemic Ecclesiastical Gnosticism. Berkeley: Red Flame. ISBN 978-0-9712376-1-2.
Dodatna literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Crooke, W. (1900). „The Legends of Krishna”. Folklore. 11 (1): 1—42. JSTOR 1253142. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1900.9720517.
- Hudson, Dennis (1980). „Bathing in Krishna: A Study in Vaiṣṇava Hindu Theology”. The Harvard Theological Review. 73 (3/4): 539—566. JSTOR 1509739. doi:10.1017/S0017816000002315.
Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]
| Međunarodne | |
|---|---|
| Državne | |
| Umetničke | |
| Ostale | |
