Медвједолике звијери

Medvjedolike zvijeri; Vremenski raspon: 42.6–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N rani Eocen do danas
	razni predstavnici infrareda Arctoidea
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	Carnivora
Podred:	Caniformia
Kladus:	Canoidea
Infrared:	Arctoidea; Flower, 1869
Podgrupe
	Rod: †Amphicticeps; Porodica: Musteloidea; Kladus: Pinnipedimorpha; Parvored: Ursida;
Sinonimi
	Arctoiformia (Ginsburg, 1982); Arctomorpha (Wiolsan, 1993); Cercoleptoidea (Matthew, 1909); Pan-Arctoidea (Flynn, Wyss & Wolsan, 2020); Procyonia (Kalandadze & Rautian, 1993);

Arctoidea (Arktoidea) je infrared psolikih zvijeri unutar kladusa Canoidea. Ovaj infrared sisara obuhvata natporodicu Musteloidea, parvored Ursida, kladus Pinnipedimorpha i izumrli rod Amphicticeps. Članovi ovog infrareda sisara se formalno nazivaju arktoidima.

Etimologija naziva[uredi | uredi izvor]

Naziv ovog infrareda vodi porijeklo od:

starogrčke riječi arktos (stgrč. ἄρκτος), koja znači medved,
i taksonomskog nastavka -oidea.

Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]

[† - oznaka za izumrli takson]

Klasifikacija infrareda Arctoidea:

Ifrared: Arctoidea^[2]^[3]^[4]
- Rod: †Amphicticeps
- Parvored: Ursida
  - Rod: †Adracon
  - Natporodica: Ursoidea
    - Porodica: Ursidae (medvedi)
- Natporodica: Musteloidea
  - Rod: †Plesiogale
  - Porodica: Ailuridae
  - Porodica: Mephitidae (američki tvorovi)
  - Porodica: Mustelidae (kune)
  - Porodica: Procyonidae (rakuni)
  - Incertae sedis:
    - Rod: †Peignictis
- Kladus: Pinnipedimorpha (perajoliki sisari)
  - Rod: †Kolponomos
  - Rod: †Pinnarctidion
  - Porodica: †Enaliarctidae <−−−[parafiletska porodica]
    - Rod: †Enaliarctos <−−−[parafiletski rod]
      - †Enaliarctos barnesi
      - †Enaliarctos emlongi
      - †Enaliarctos mealsi
      - †Enaliarctos mitchelli
      - †Enaliarctos tedfordi
  - Porodica: †Semantoridae
  - Kladus: Pinnipediformes
    - Rod: †Pacificotaria
    - Rod: †Pteronarctos
    - Kladus: Pinnipedia (perajari)
      - Natporodica: Otarioidea
        Porodica: Odobenidae (morževi)
        
        Kladus: Pan-Otariidae
        Rod: †Eotaria
        
        Porodica: Otariidae (ušate foke)
      - Natporodica: Phocoidea
        Porodica: Phocidae (prave foke)
        
        Porodica: †Desmatophocidae

Filogenija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze infrareda Arctoidea.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Canoidea

Cynoidea

Arctoidea

Ursida

Ursoidea	[[Medvedi\|Ursidae (sensu stricto)]]

	†Adracon

(Ursidae sensu lato)

†Amphicticeps

Musteloidea

	Procyonidae

	[[Kune\|Mustelidae (sensu stricto)]]

Ailuridae

?

†Peignictis

Mephitidae

†Plesiogale

(Mustelidae sensu lato)

Pinnipedimorpha

†Semantoridae

†Enaliarctos (†Enaliarctidae)

	†Enaliarctos mealsi

	†Enaliarctos barnesi

	†Kolponomos

	†Enaliarctos emlongi

†Enaliarctos tedfordi

†Enaliarctos mitchelli

†Pinnarctidion

Pinnipediformes

	†Pacificotaria

	†Pteronarctos

Pinnipedia

Phocoidea

	Phocidae

	†Desmatophocidae

Otarioidea

Odobenidae

Pan-Otariidae

	†Eotaria

	Otariidae

sensu stricto

(Pinnipedia sensu lato)

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Liliya Doronina, Gennady Churakov, Jingjing Shi, Jürgen Brosius, Robert Baertsch, Hiram Clawson, Jürgen Schmitz (2015) Exploring Massive Incomplete Lineage Sorting in Arctoids (Laurasiatheria, Carnivora) Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 32, Issue 12, December 2015, Pages 3194–3204, . doi:10.1093/molbev/msv188. Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar |title= (pomoć)
^ R. M. Hunt. 2001. Small Oligocene amphicyonids from North America (Paradaphoenus, Mammalia, Carnivora). American Museum Novitates 3331:1-20
^ I. Koretsky. 2001. Morphology and systematics of Miocene Phocinae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from Paratethys and the North Atlantic region. Geologica Hungarica Series Palaeontologica 54:1-109
^ J. Labs Hochstein. 2007. A new species of Zodiolestes (Mammalia, Mustelidae) from the early Miocene of Florida. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27(2):532-534
^ Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J.; Nedbal, M. A. (april 2005). „Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships”. Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317—37. PMID 16012099. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326.
^ Susumu Tomiya (2011). „A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans”. PLoS ONE. 6 (9): e24146. PMC 3173397 . PMID 21935380. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024146.
^ Law, Chris J.; Slater, Graham J.; Mehta, Rita S. (1. 1. 2018). „Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods”. Systematic Biology (na jeziku: engleski). 67 (1): 127—144. ISSN 1063-5157. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx047.
^ Ryan S. Paterson; Natalia Rybczynski; Naoki Kohno; Hillary C. Maddin (2020). „A total evidence phylogenetic analysis of pinniped phylogeny and the possibility of parallel evolution within a monophyletic framework”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7: Article 457. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00457.

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Ovaj članak vezan za sisare je klica. Možete doprineti Vikipediji tako što ćete ga proširiti.

[1] Liliya Doronina, Gennady Churakov, Jingjing Shi, Jürgen Brosius, Robert Baertsch, Hiram Clawson, Jürgen Schmitz (2015) Exploring Massive Incomplete Lineage Sorting in Arctoids (Laurasiatheria, Carnivora) Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 32, Issue 12, December 2015, Pages 3194–3204, . doi:10.1093/molbev/msv188. Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar |title= (pomoć)

[2] R. M. Hunt. 2001. Small Oligocene amphicyonids from North America (Paradaphoenus, Mammalia, Carnivora). American Museum Novitates 3331:1-20

[3] I. Koretsky. 2001. Morphology and systematics of Miocene Phocinae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from Paratethys and the North Atlantic region. Geologica Hungarica Series Palaeontologica 54:1-109

[4] J. Labs Hochstein. 2007. A new species of Zodiolestes (Mammalia, Mustelidae) from the early Miocene of Florida. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27(2):532-534

[Flynn2005-5] Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J.; Nedbal, M. A. (april 2005). „Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships”. Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317—37. PMID 16012099. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326.

[Lycophocyon-6] Susumu Tomiya (2011). „A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans”. PLoS ONE. 6 (9): e24146. PMC 3173397 . PMID 21935380. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024146.

[Law-2018-7] Law, Chris J.; Slater, Graham J.; Mehta, Rita S. (1. 1. 2018). „Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods”. Systematic Biology (na jeziku: engleski). 67 (1): 127—144. ISSN 1063-5157. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx047.

[Ryan2020-8] Ryan S. Paterson; Natalia Rybczynski; Naoki Kohno; Hillary C. Maddin (2020). „A total evidence phylogenetic analysis of pinniped phylogeny and the possibility of parallel evolution within a monophyletic framework”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7: Article 457. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00457.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]