Mezoamerika
Mezoamerika je naziv na regiju koja se prostire od današnjeg centralnog Meksika do severoistočne Kostarike i u kojoj se u periodu od 3.000. godina pre otkrića Amerike razvio niz međusobno povezanih kultura i civilizacija.[1] Svim tim kulturama i civilizacijama zajednička je bila poljoprivreda na bazi uzgoja kukuruza, nošenje sandala, politeistička verovanja temeljem kojih su bili bogovi sunca i kiše, numerički sistem na osnovu broja 20, gradnja piramida i ritualne igre s loptom. Od njih su najpoznatije Maje i Asteci. Mezoamerika je bila mesto dve najdublje istorijske transformacije u svetskoj istoriji: primarne urbane generacije i formiranja kultura Novog sveta iz dugih razmena domorodačkih, evropskih, afričkih i azijskih kultura.[2]
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U 16. veku, evroazijske bolesti poput velike i male boginje, koje su bile endemske među kolonistima, ali su bile nove za Severnu Ameriku, prouzrokovale su smrt više od 90% autohtonog stanovništva, što je rezultiralo velikim gubicima u njihovim društvima i kulturama.[4][5] Mezoamerika je jedno od pet područja na svetu u kojima je drevna civilizacija nastala nezavisno (vidi: kolevka civilizacije), a drugo u Amerikama. Norte Čiko (Karal-Supe) u današnjem Peruu nastao je kao nezavisna civilizacija u severnom obalskom regionu.
Kao kulturno područje, Mezoamerika je definisana mozaikom kulturnih osobina koje su razvile i dele njene autohtone kulture. Počev od 7000. p. n. e., pripitomljavanje kakaoa, kukuruza, pasulja, paradajza, avokada, vanile, tikve i čilija, kao i ćuraka i pasa, rezultiralo je prelaskom iz paleo-indijskih plemenskih grupa lovaca i sakupljača u organizaciju sedentarnih poljoprivrednih sela. U narednom formativnom periodu poljoprivreda i kulturne osobine kao što su složena mitološka i religijska tradicija, vigezimalni numerički sistem, složeni kalendarski sistem, tradicija igranja lopte i prepoznatljiv arhitektonski stil, šire se kroz to područje. Takođe u ovom periodu, sela su počela da se socijalno raslojavaju i razvijaju u poglavarstva. Izgrađeni su veliki ceremonijalni centri, međusobno povezani mrežom trgovačkih puteva za razmenu luksuznih dobara, poput opsidijana, žada, kakaa, cinabarita, školjki Spondylus, hematita i keramike. Dok je mezoamerička civilizacija znala za točak i osnovnu metalurgiju, nijedna od ovih tehnologija nije postala kulturno važna.[6]
Među najranijim složenim civilizacijama bila je olmečka kultura, koja je naseljavala obalu Meksičkog zaliva i prostirala se u unutrašnjosti i na jug preko Tehuntepečke prevlake. Česti kontakti i kulturna razmena između ranih Olmeka i drugih kultura u Čijapasu, Oahaki i Gvatemali postavili su osnovu za mezoameričko kulturno područje. Svemu tome su pomogle značajne regionalne komunikacije u drevnoj Mezoamerici, posebno duž obale Tihog okeana.
Vidi još
[uredi | uredi izvor]Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ Mišić, Milan, ur. (2005). Enciklopedija Britanika. L-M. Beograd: Politika : Narodna knjiga. str. 146. ISBN 86-331-2116-6.
- ^ Davíd Carrasco. "Mesoamerica: An Overview". In Davíd Carrasco (ed). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures. Vol 2. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp 212 - 216 ISBN 9780195108156
- ^ Murray, Stuart (2009). Library, the : an illustrated history. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. str. 140. ISBN 9781628733228.
- ^ "Meso-America," Oxford English Reference Dictionary, 2nd ed. (rev.) 2002. (ISBN 0-19-860652-4) Oxford: Oxford University Press; p. 906.
- ^ (2000): Atlas del México Prehispánico. Revista Arqueología mexicana. Número especial 5. Julio de 2000. Raíces/ Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. México.
- ^ Carmack, Gasco & Gossen 1996, str. 55.
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Adams, Richard E. W.; MacLeod, Murdo J., ur. (2000). Cambridge History of the Native peoples of The Americas. 2: Mesoamerica. Cambridge University Press.
- Braswell, Geoffrey E. (2003). „Introduction: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction”. Ur.: Geoffrey E. Braswell. The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction. Austin: University of Texas Press. str. 1–44. ISBN 978-0-292-70587-6. OCLC 49936017.
- Campbell, Lyle (1997). William Bright, ur. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, 4. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509427-5. OCLC 32923907.
- Campbell, Lyle; Kaufman, Terrence; Smith-Stark, Thomas (septembar 1986). „Meso-America as a linguistic area”. Language. 62 (3): 530—58. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 415477. OCLC 1361911. doi:10.2307/415477.
- Carmack, Robert M.; Gasco, Janine L.; Gossen, Gary H. (1996). Legacy of Mesoamerica, The: History and Culture of a Native American Civilization. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-337445-2.
- Carrasco, Davíd (2001). „"Mesoamerica: An Overview"”. Ur.: Davíd Carrasco. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures. 2. New York: Oxford University Press. str. 212—216. ISBN 9780195108156. OCLC 1169898498.
- Carrasco, Davíd; Jones, Lindsay; Sessions, Scott (2002). Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.
- Coe, Michael D. (1994) [1962]. Mexico: from the Olmecs to the Aztecs (4th edition, Revised and Enlarged izd.). New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-27722-5.
- Diehl, Richard A. (2004). The Olmecs: America's First Civilization. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28503-9.
- Diamond, Jared (1999). Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-31755-8.
- Filloy Nadal, Laura (2001). „Rubber and Rubber Balls in Mesoamerica”. Ur.: E. Michael Whittington. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. New York: Thames & Hudson. str. 20–31. ISBN 978-0-500-05108-5.
- Gamio, Manuel (1922). La Población del Valle de Teotihuacán: Representativa de las que Habitan las Regiones Rurales del Distrito Federal y de los Estados de Hidalgo, Puebla, México y Tlaxcala (na jeziku: španski) (2 vols. in 3 izd.). Mexico City: Talleres Gráficos de la Secretaría de Educación Pública.
- Gibson, Charles. The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964.
- Kirchhoff, Paul (1943). „Mesoamérica. Sus Límites Geográficos, Composición Étnica y Caracteres Culturales”. Acta Americana (na jeziku: španski). 1 (1): 92—107.
- Leyenaar, Ted (2001). „The Modern Ballgames of Sinaloa: a Survival of the Aztec Ullamaliztli”. Ur.: E. Michael Whittington. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. New York: Thames & Hudson. str. 97–115. ISBN 978-0-500-05108-5.
- Lockhart, James (1992). The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1927-8. OCLC 24283718.
- López Austin, Alfredo; López Luján, Leonardo (1996). El pasado indígena (na jeziku: španski). Mexico City: El Colegio de México. ISBN 978-968-16-4890-9.
- O'Brien, Patrick, ur. (2005). Oxford Atlas of World History. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Markman, Roberta H.; Markman, Peter T. (1992). The Flayed God: the Mesoamerican Mythological Tradition; Sacred Texts and Images from pre-Columbian Mexico and Central America. San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-250528-6. OCLC 25507756.
- Mendoza, Ruben G. (2001). Mesoamerican Chronology: Periodization. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Culture. 2. str. 222—226. ISBN 978-0-19-510815-6.
- Palerm, Ángel (1972). Agricultura y civilización en Mesoamérica (na jeziku: španski). Mexico: Secretaría de Educación Pública. ISBN 978-968-13-0994-7.
- Restall, Matthew (2004). Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest (1st pbk izd.). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517611-7. OCLC 56695639.
- Sahagún, Bernardino de (1950) [ca. 1540–85]. Charles E. Dibble; Arthur J. O. Anderson, ur. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. I–XII (translation of Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España izd.). Santa Fe, NM and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-0-87480-082-1. OCLC 276351.
- Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P. (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th izd.). Stanford University Press.
- Smith, Michael E. (1997). The Aztecs (first izd.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-23015-1. OCLC 48579073.
- Smith, Michael E. (maj 2005). „City Size in Late Post-Classic Mesoamerica” (PDF). Journal of Urban History. 31 (4): 403—34. ISSN 0096-1442. OCLC 1798556. S2CID 145452272. doi:10.1177/0096144204274396.
- Smith, Michael E.; Masson, Marilyn (2000). The Ancient Civilizations of Mesoamerica: A Reader. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Suaréz, Jorge A. (1983). The Mesoamerican Indian Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22834-3. OCLC 8034800.
- Miller, Mary; Taube, Karl (1993). The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05068-2. OCLC 27667317.
- Taladoire, Eric (2001). „The Architectural Background of the Pre-Hispanic Ballgame”. Ur.: E. Michael Whittington. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. New York: Thames & Hudson. str. 97–115. ISBN 978-0-500-05108-5.
- Wauchope, Robert, general editor. Handbook of Middle American Indians. Austin: University of Texas Press 1964–1976.
- Ward, Thomas (2018). The Formation of Latin American Nations: From Late Antiquity to Early Modernity. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806161501. OCLC 1035463634.
- Weaver, Muriel Porter (1993). The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica (3rd izd.). San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-01-263999-3.
- Zeitlin, Robert N.; Zeitlin, Judith (2000). The Paleoindian and Archaic Cultures of Mesoamerica. The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. 2. str. 45—122. ISBN 978-0-521-35165-2.
Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Maya Culture
- Mesoweb.com: a comprehensive site for Mesoamerican civilizations
- Museum of the Templo Mayor (Mexico)
- National Museum of Anthropology and History (Mexico)
- Selected bibliography concerning war in Mesoamerica
- WAYEB: European Association of Mayanists
- Arqueologia Iberoamericana: Open access international scientific journal devoted to the archaeological study of the American and Iberian peoples. It contains research articles on Mesoamerica.
- Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520–1820
- „Google Scholar Citations: Mesoamerica”.