Melodija
Melodija (od grčkog μελῳδία melōidía, „pevanje, pojanje”),[1] niz je tonova međusobno povezanih u celinu. Najčešće svi tonovi jedne melodije pripadaju istoj lestvici,[2][3] a sama melodija najčešće počinje nekim tonom kvintakorda (trozvuka)[4] lestvice u kojoj je pisana, a završava na prvom stupnju (tonici) iste lestvice. Melodija bilo kog dela neke pesme nije dovoljna da se njome okarakteriše samo jedna pesma. Melodija se obično ponavlja više puta kroz kompoziciju ili pesmu.[5][6]
Melodije se često sastoje od jedne ili više muzičkih fraza[7][8][9] ili motiva,[10][11] i obično se ponavljaju kroz kompoziciju u različitim oblicima. Melodije se takođe mogu opisati njihovim melodijskim kretanjem ili visinama ili intervalima između tonova (pretežno spojene ili disjunktne ili sa daljim ograničenjima), opsegom visine tona, tenzijom i oslobađanjem, kontinuitetom i koherentnošću, kadencom i oblikom.
Funkcija i elementi
[uredi | uredi izvor]Johan Filip Kirnberger je tvrdio:
Pravi cilj muzike - njen pravi poduhvat - je melodija. Svi delovi harmonije imaju za krajnju svrhu samo lepu melodiju. Stoga je pitanje šta je značajnije, melodija ili harmonija, uzaludno. Bez sumnje, sredstvo je podređeno cilju.
— Johan Filip Kirnberger (1771)[12]
Norveški kompozitor Markus Paus je tvrdio:
Melodija je za muziku ono što je miris za čula: pokreće naše pamćenje. Daje lice formi, i identitet i karakter procesu i postupcima. To nije samo muzički subjekt, već manifestacija muzičko subjektivnog. Nosi i zrači ličnošću sa toliko jasnoće i dirljivosti koliko i harmonija i ritam zajedno. Kao tako moćno sredstvo komunikacije, melodija služi ne samo kao protagonista u sopstvenoj drami, već i kao glasnik od autora do publike.
— Markus Paus (2017)[13]
S obzirom na mnoge i različite elemente i stilove melodije „mnoga postojeća objašnjenja [melodija] nas ograničavaju na specifične stilske modele, i oni su previše isključivi.“[14] Pol Narveson je 1984. tvrdio da više od tri četvrtine melodijskih tema nije detaljno istraženo.[15]
Melodije koje su postojale u većini evropske muzike napisane pre 20. veka i popularnoj muzici tokom 20. veka, sadržale su „fiksne i lako uočljive frekventne obrasce“, ponavljajuće „događaje, često periodične, na svim strukturnim nivoima“ i „ponavljanje trajanja i obrazaca trajanja“.[14]
Melodije u 20. veku su „koristile veći izbor tonskih izvora nego što je to bio običaj u bilo kom drugom istorijskom periodu zapadne muzike“. Dok se dijatonska lestvica još uvek koristila, hromatska lestvica je postala „široko primenjena“.[14] Kompozitori su takođe dodelili strukturnu ulogu „kvalitativnim dimenzijama“ koje su ranije bile „skoro isključivo rezervisane za visinu tona i ritam“. Kliever navodi: „Osnovni elementi svake melodije su trajanje, visina i kvalitet (tembr), tekstura i glasnoća.[14] Iako ista melodija može biti prepoznatljiva kada se svira sa širokim spektrom tonova i dinamike, ova druga može dalje biti „element linearnog uređenja“.[14]
Primeri
[uredi | uredi izvor]Različiti muzički stilovi koriste melodiju na različite načine.[16][17][18] Na primer:
- Džez muzičari koriste termin „voditi” ili „predvoditi” u kontekstu glavne melodije, koja se koristi kao polazna tačka za improvizaciju.
- Rok muzika i drugi oblici popularne muzike i narodne muzike imaju tendenciju da izaberu jednu ili dve melodije (stih i refren, ponekad sa trećinom, kontrastnu melodiju poznatu kao most ili srednja osmica) i da se drže njih; može se pojaviti velika raznolikost u frazama i tekstovima.
- Indijska klasična muzika se u velikoj meri oslanja na melodiju i ritam, a ne toliko na harmoniju, jer muzika ne sadrži promene akorda.[19][20][21]
- Balijska gamelan muzika često koristi komplikovane varijacije i izmene jedne melodije koja se svira istovremeno, a naziva se heterofonija.[22][23]
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ μελῳδία. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- ^ Benward, Bruce; Saker, Marilyn Nadine (2003). Music: In Theory and Practice. 1 (7th izd.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. str. 25. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0.
- ^ „All The Scales”. www.allthescales.org. Arhivirano iz originala 15. 10. 2017. g. Pristupljeno 28. 4. 2018.
- ^ Pen, Ronald (1992). Introduction to Music. New York: McGraw-Hill. str. 81. ISBN 0-07-038068-6.. "A triad is a set of notes consisting of three notes built on successive intervals of a third. A triad can be constructed upon any note by adding alternating notes drawn from the scale. ... In each case the note that forms the foundation pitch is called the root, the middle tone of the triad is designated the third (because it is separated by the interval of a third from the root), and the top tone is referred to as the fifth (because it is a fifth away from the root)."
- ^ „Musical Composition”. www.copyright.gov. Pristupljeno 2019-01-26.
- ^ Translation from Allen Forte, Tonal Harmony in Concept and Practice|edition=3rd|location=New York|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|year=1979|isbn=0-03-020756-8|pages=1}}
- ^ Benjamin, Thomas; Horvit, Michael; Nelson, Robert (2003). Techniques and Materials of Music (7th izd.). Thomson Schirmer. str. 252. ISBN 0495500542.
- ^ Cooper, Paul (1973). Perspectives in Music Theory. Dodd, Mead, and Co. str. 48. ISBN 0396067522.
- ^ Rothstein, William (1990). Phase Rhythm in Tonal Music. New York: Schirmer. ISBN 978-0-02-872191-0.
- ^ Drabkin, William (2001). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (na jeziku: engleski). 17. Stanley Sadie, John Tyrrell (2nd izd.). New York: Grove. str. 227—228. ISBN 1-56159-239-0. OCLC 44391762.
- ^ Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1990). Music and discourse : toward a semiology of music. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09136-6. OCLC 21524730.
- ^ Forte, Allen (1979). Tonal Harmony in Concept & Practice. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. str. 203. ISBN 0-03-020756-8.
- ^ Paus, Marcus (2017-11-06). „Why melody matters”. Gramophone.
- ^ a b v g d Kliewer, Vernon. Wittlich, Gary, ur. (1975). „Melody: Linear Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music”. Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. str. 270—301. ISBN 0-13-049346-5.
- ^ Narveson, Paul (1984). Theory of Melody. University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-3834-7.
- ^ Dannenberg, Roger (2010). Style in Music (PDF) (objavljeno 2009). str. 2. Bibcode:2010tsos.book...45D.
- ^ Fabbri, Franco (1982), A Theory of Musical Genres: Two Applications (PDF), str. 1
- ^ Laurie, Timothy (2014). „Music Genre as Method”. Cultural Studies Review. 20 (2). doi:10.5130/csr.v20i2.4149 .
- ^ Lomas, J. Derek; Xue, Haian (1. 3. 2022). „Harmony in Design: A Synthesis of Literature from Classical Philosophy, the Sciences, Economics, and Design”. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation. 8 (1): 5—64. doi:10.1016/j.sheji.2022.01.001 .
- ^ Malm, William P. (1996). Music Cultures of the Pacific, the Near East, and Asia (3rd izd.). Prentice Hall. str. 15. ISBN 0-13-182387-6. "Homophonic texture...is more common in Western music, where tunes are often built on chords (harmonies) that move in progressions. Indeed this harmonic orientation is one of the major differences between Western and much non-Western music."
- ^ Chan, Paul Yaozhu; Dong, Minghui; Li, Haizhou (29. 9. 2019). „The Science of Harmony: A Psychophysical Basis for Perceptual Tensions and Resolutions in Music”. Research. 2019: 1—22. PMC 7006947 . PMID 32043080. doi:10.34133/2019/2369041.
- ^ „Heterophony | music | Britannica”. www.britannica.com (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 26. 3. 2023.
- ^ Tan, Zihua (16. 1. 2018). „Monody-based Compositions: José Evangelista's Clos de vie and Alap & Gat”. Revue Circuit. 27 (Numéro 3): 67—83. doi:10.7202/1042841ar . Pristupljeno 12. 7. 2020.
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Apel, Willi. Harvard Dictionary of Music, 2nd ed., pp. 517–19.
- Cole, Simon (2020). just BE here - the guide to musicking mindfulness
- Edwards, Arthur C. The Art of Melody, pp. xix–xxx.
- Holst, Imogen/2008). Tune. London: Faber and Faber. 1962. ISBN 0-571-24198-0..
- Smits van Waesberghe, Joseph A Textbook of Melody: A course in functional melodic analysis. 1955., American Institute of Musicology.
- Szabolcsi, Bence (1965). A History of Melody. London: Barrie and Rockliff..
- Trippett, David. (2013). Wagner's Melodies. Cambridge University Press..
- Trippett, David . (2019). „Melody”. The Oxford Handbook to Critical Concepts in Music Theory. Oxford University Press..
- Marquis, G. Weston (1964). Twentieth Century Music Idioms. str. 2.. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Inglewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
- Barbieri, Patrizio (2008). Enharmonic Instruments and Music, 1470–1900. Latina, Italy: Il Levante Libreria Editrice. ISBN 978-88-95203-14-0.
- Yamaguchi, Masaya (2006). The Complete Thesaurus of Musical Scales (revised izd.). New York: Masaya Music Services. ISBN 978-0-9676353-0-9.
- Wu, Dan; Li, Chao-Yi; Yao, De-Zhong (2013-10-01). „An ensemble with the chinese pentatonic scale using electroencephalogram from both hemispheres”. Neuroscience Bulletin (na jeziku: engleski). 29 (5): 581—587. ISSN 1995-8218. PMC 5561954 . PMID 23604597. doi:10.1007/s12264-013-1334-y.
- Van Khê, Trân (1985). „Chinese Music and Musical Traditions of Eastern Asia”. The World of Music. 27 (1): 78—90. ISSN 0043-8774. JSTOR 43562680.
- Duncan, Andrew (1991). „Combinatorial Music Theory”. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. 39 (6): 427—448. ISSN 0004-7554. Arhivirano iz originala 7. 1. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 18. 7. 2017.
- Sorce Keller, Marcello. 2019 “Composition”, Janet Sturman (ed.) The SAGE Encyclopedia of Music and Culture. Los Angeles: SAGE Reference. 2019., Vol. II, 618–623.
- Kostka, Stefan; Payne, Dorothy (1995). Tonal Harmony (3rd izd.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0073000566.
- Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1990). Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music (originally Musicologie générale et sémiologue, 1987). Prevod: Carolyn Abbate. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02714-5.
- Stein, Deborah (2005). Engaging Music: Essays in Music Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517010-5.
- White, John D. (1976). The Analysis of Music. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-033233-X.
- Hisama, Ellie M. (2001). Gendering Musical Modernism: The Music of Ruth Crawford, Marion Bauer, and Miriam Gideon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64030-X.
- Jonas, Oswald (1982). Introduction to the Theory of Heinrich Schenker. ISBN 0-582-28227-6. (1934: Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerks: Eine Einführung in Die Lehre Heinrich Schenkers), Trans. John Rothgeb.
- Drabkin, William (2001). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (na jeziku: engleski). 17. Stanley Sadie, John Tyrrell (2nd izd.). New York: Grove. str. 227—228. ISBN 1-56159-239-0. OCLC 44391762.
- Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1990). Music and discourse : toward a semiology of music. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09136-6. OCLC 21524730.
- Holt, Fabian (2007). Genre in Popular Music. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Negus, Keith (1999). Music Genres and Corporate Cultures. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17399-5.
- Starr, Larry; Waterman, Christopher Alan (2010). American popular music from minstrelsy to MP3. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539630-0.
- Dahlhaus, Carl. Gjerdingen, Robert O. trans (1990). Studies in the Origin of Harmonic Tonality. str. 141. ISBN 0-691-09135-8. . Princeton University Press.
- van der Merwe, Peter (1989). Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-316121-4.
- Nettles, Barrie & Graf, Richard (1997). The Chord Scale Theory and Jazz Harmony. Advance Music. ISBN 3-89221-056-X.
Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Carry A Tune Week, list of tunes Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (8. septembar 2015)
- Creating and orchestrating a coherent and balanced melody Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (28. april 2021)
- Octave Frequency Sweep, Consonance & Dissonance
- ScaleCoding
- How to Understand Music: A Concise Course in Musical Intelligence and Taste (1881) by William Smythe Babcock Mathews
- What We Hear in Music: A Course of Study in Music History and Appreciation (c. 1921) by Anne Shaw Faulkner