Неандерталац

Neandertalac; Vremenski raspon: Pleistocen PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	H. neanderthalensis lobanja
Status ugroženosti
	; Izumro (IUCN 3.1)
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	Primates
Podred:	Haplorhini
Infrared:	Simiiformes
Porodica:	Hominidae
Potporodica:	Homininae
Pleme:	Hominini
Rod:	Homo
Vrsta:	†H. neanderthalensis
Binomno ime
	†Homo neanderthalensis; King, 1864
	Oblasti za koje se zna da ih je neandertalac naseljavao
Sinonimi
	Homo stupidus (Haeckel 1866); Homo mousteriensis (Klaatsch 1909); Palaeoanthropus neanderthalensis; H. s. neanderthalensis;

Neandertalac (lat. Homo neanderthalensis,^[4]^[5] Homo neanderthalensis ili Homo sapiens neanderthalensis)^[6] je naziv za poseban tip praistorijskog čoveka koji je naseljavao Evropu i deo Azije od pre oko 400.000 do 40.000 godina.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] Ime je dobio po dolini reke Neander, kod Diseldorfa u Nemačkoj, gde su pronađeni njegovi fosilizovani ostaci 1856. godine.

Oni su bili snažniji od današnjih ljudi. Imali su veći mozak, ali nisu bili inteligentniji. Imali su snažne vilice i zube, oštru bradu izbačenu napred, nisko iskošeno čelo i izbačene arkade, zdepaste udove i snažno građeno telo, prilagođeno uslovima surove klime Ledenog doba.

Bili su izuzetni lovci, koristili su kremeno koplje, kremenu sekiru i bole. Često su se sklanjali u pećine i potkapine jer su one imale približnu temperaturu i leti i zimi. Za stanovanje su koristili samo prednji deo jer je unutrašnjost bila mračna i vlažna.

Neandertalci se datuju u 120.000 do 350.00 godina. Smatra se da su bili viši i snažniji od sapijensa, visoki od 160 do 165 cm, moždane zapremine 1.200-1.600 cm³.

Podela[uredi | uredi izvor]

Neandertalce možemo podeliti u tri grupe:

preneandertalac, ova grupa morfološki pripada neandertalcu, ali odlike nisu ekstremno izražene. Tipični predstavnici su nađeni na lokalitetima Sakopastore (Italija) i u Krapini (Hrvatska)
presapiens, nalaz lobanje iz Štajnhajma najbolje reprezentuje ovu grupu, kao i lobanja iz Skul V iz Izraela. Ova grupa je bazična forma za dalji razvoj ka čoveku (ka sapiens tipu)
klasični neandertalac — klasična grupa sa izraženim odlikama. Ova vrsta je izumrla pre 30.000 godina, a nedavno je u pećini Pešturina u Jelašničkoj klisuri kod Niša (Srbija) pronađen zub (gornji kutnjak) tog izumrlog neandertalca,^[11] dok je u Crnoj Gori (Crvena Stijena, Nikšić) pronađen zub neandertalca i žrvanj (mlinski kamen).^[12]

Odlike neandertalaca[uredi | uredi izvor]

starost — 100.000-40/35.000 godina
visina tela — 160—165 cm
moždana zapremina — 1.200-1.600 cm³
odlike lobanje: ravan krov lobanje, zatiljak manje ili više povijen, nadočni lukovi prisutni celom širinom čela, čelo relativno malo povijeno, postorbitalno stegnuta slepoočna kost
odlike lica:lat. Fossa canina nedostaje, vilice vrlo masivne, veliki ugao zuba (zubni niz) povučen obradak (suprotno od forme savremenog čoveka)
postkranijalni skelet: karakteristike hominida
kultura: kultura jezgra i odbitka, okresivanje alatki, upotreba vatre, sahranjivanje pokojnika

Život neandertalaca[uredi | uredi izvor]

Sudeći prema sačuvanim lobanjama, imali su snažne vilice i zube, oštru bradu izbačenu napred, nisko iskošeno čelo i izbačene arkade. Bili su izuzetni lovci, koristili su kremeno koplje, kremenu sekiru i bole (kamenje privezano za kožne kaiševe koje se vrteći u krug baca daleko i obmotava oko životinjskih nogu). Često su se sklanjali u pećine jer su one imale približnu temperaturu i leti i zimi, koristili su samo prednji deo.

Neandertalci su prvi sahranjivali mrtve uz određene ceremonije i obredne rituale. U grobove su stavljali hranu, cveće i oružje, kao i razne ornamente za samoukrašavanje što ukazuje na to da su verovali u zagrobni život. S pažnjom su sahranjivali i one koji nisu bili sposobni za rad.

Neandertalci su takođe prvi praistorijski ljudi za koje se zna da su živeli u okviru porodice. Život u paru i vezanost za zajedničko potomstvo predstavljaju veliki napredak u razvoju ljudskog društva.

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Howell, F. Clark (1957). „The evolutionary significance of variation and varieties of 'Neanderthal' man”. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 32 (4): 330—47. JSTOR 2816956. PMID 13506025. doi:10.1086/401978. Foley, Tim. TalkOrigins Archive. „Neanderthal or Neandertal?”. 2005.
^ Romeo, Luigi (1979). Ecce Homo!:A Lexicon of Man. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. str. 92. ISBN 978-9027220066.
^ Camp, C. L; Allison, H. J.; Nichols, R. H. (1964). Bibliography of Fossil Vertebrates 1954—1958. New York: The Geological Society of America, Inc. str. 556. ISBN 978-0-8137-1092-1.
^ „Neanderthal in ODE”. Oxford Dictionaries. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 07. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 22. 04. 2019.
^ „'Neanderthal' in Random House Dictionary (US) & Collins Dictionary (UK)”. Dictionary.com.
^ Pääbo 2014, str. 237
^ Higham, T.; Douka, K.; Wood, R.; Ramsey, C.B.; Brock, F.; Basell, L.; Camps, M.; Arrizabalaga, A.; Baena, J.; C. Barroso-Ruíz; C. Bergman; C. Boitard; P. Boscato; M. Caparrós; N.J. Conard; C. Draily; A. Froment; B. Galván; P. Gambassini; A. Garcia-Moreno; S. Grimaldi; P. Haesaerts; B. Holt; M.-J. Iriarte-Chiapusso; A. Jelinek; J.F. Jordá Pardo; J.-M. Maíllo-Fernández; A. Marom; J. Maroto; M. Menéndez; L. Metz; E. Morin; A. Moroni; F. Negrino; E. Panagopoulou; M. Peresani; S. Pirson; M. de la Rasilla; J. Riel-Salvatore; A. Ronchitelli; D. Santamaria; P. Semal; L. Slimak; J. Soler; N. Soler; A. Villaluenga; R. Pinhasi; R. Jacobi (2014). „The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance”. Nature. 512 (7514): 306—09. Bibcode:2014Natur.512..306H. PMID 25143113. doi:10.1038/nature13621. „We show that the Mousterian [the Neanderthal tool-making tradition] ended by 41,030–39,260 calibrated years BP (at 95.4% probability) across Europe. We also demonstrate that succeeding 'transitional' archaeological industries, one of which has been linked with Neanderthals (Châtelperronian), end at a similar time.” Higham, T. (2011). „European Middle and Upper Palaeolithic radiocarbon dates are often older than they look: problems with previous dates and some remedies” (PDF). Antiquity. 85 (327): 235—49. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00067570.
^ Pinhasi, R.; T.F.G. Higham; L.V. Golovanova; V.B. Doronichev (2011). „Revised age of late Neanderthal occupation and the end of the Middle Paleolithic in the northern Caucasus”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 108 (21): 8611—16. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.8611P. PMC 3102382 . PMID 21555570. doi:10.1073/pnas.1018938108. „The direct date of the fossil (39,700 ± 1,100 ¹⁴C BP) is in good agreement with the probability distribution function, indicating at a high level of probability that Neanderthals did not survive at Mezmaiskaya Cave after 39 ka cal BP. [...] This challenges previous claims for late Neanderthal survival in the northern Caucasus. [...] Our results confirm the lack of reliably dated Neanderthal fossils younger than ≈40 ka cal BP in any other region of Western Eurasia, including the Caucasus.”
^ Galván, B.; C.M. Hernández; Mallol, C.; Mercier, N.; Sistiaga, A.; Soler, V. (2014). „New evidence of early Neanderthal disappearance in the Iberian Peninsula” (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 75: 16—27. PMID 25016565. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.002.
^ McKie, Robin (2. 6. 2013). „Why did the Neanderthals die out?”. The Guardian. Pristupljeno 6. 4. 2017.
^ „Prvi pouzdano identifikovani fosil neandertalca u Srbiji”. Politika. 18. 4. 2019. Pristupljeno 20. 4. 2019.
^ Kadić, V. (4. 12. 2012). „Nikšić: Crvena stijena mamac za arheologe”. Večernje novosti. Pristupljeno 20. 4. 2019.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

Pääbo, Svante (2014). Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes. New York: Basic Books. str. 237.
Camp, C. L.; Allison, H. J.; Nichols, R. H. (1964). Bibliography of Fossil Vertebrates 1954—1958. New York: The Geological Society of America, Inc. str. 556. ISBN 978-0-8137-1092-1.
Romeo, Luigi (1979). Ecce Homo!:A Lexicon of Man. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. str. 92. ISBN 978-9027220066.
D. Srejović, Leksikon religija i mitova drevne Evrope, Paleolitska religija, Beograd 1992
Boë, Louis-Jean; Heim, Jean-Louis; Honda, Kiyoshi; Maeda, Shinji (2002). „The potential Neandertal vowel space was as large as that of modern humans”. Journal of Phonetics. 30 (3): 465—84. doi:10.1006/jpho.2002.0170.
Lieberman, Philip (oktobar 2007). „Current views on Neanderthal speech capabilities: A reply to Boe et al. (2002)”. Journal of Phonetics. 35 (4): 552—63. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2005.07.002.
Serre, David; Langaney, André; Chech, Mario; Teschler-Nicola, Maria; Paunovic, Maja; Mennecier, Philippe; Hofreiter, Michael; Possnert, Göran; Pääbo, Svante (2004). „No Evidence of Neandertal mtDNA Contribution to Early Modern Humans”. PLoS Biology. 2 (3): e57. PMC 368159 . PMID 15024415. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020057.
Wild, Eva M.; Teschler-Nicola, Maria; Kutschera, Walter; Steier, Peter; Trinkaus, Erik; Wanek, Wolfgang (2005). „Direct dating of Early Upper Palaeolithic human remains from Mladeč”. Nature. 435 (7040): 332—35. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..332W. PMID 15902255. doi:10.1038/nature03585.
Zilhão, João; Davis, Simon J. M.; Duarte, Cidália; Soares, António M. M.; Steier, Peter; Wild, Eva (2010). Hawks, John, ur. „Pego do Diabo (Loures, Portugal): Dating the Emergence of Anatomical Modernity in Westernmost Eurasia”. PLOS One. 5 (1): e8880. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.8880Z. PMC 2811729 . PMID 20111705. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008880. Generalni sažetak – ScienceDaily (27. 1. 2010).
Derev'anko, Anatoliy P.; Powers, William Roger; Shimkin, Demitri Boris (1998). The Paleolithic of Siberia: new discoveries and interpretations. Novosibirsk: Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography. ISBN 978-0-252-02052-0. OCLC 36461622.
Lunine, Jonathan I. (2013). Earth: Evolution of a Habitable World. Cambridge University Press. 327. ISBN 978-0-521-85001-8.
Reich (2018). Who We Are And How We Got Here – Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past. Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-1-101-87032-7.
Diamond, Jared (20. 4. 2018). „A Brand-New Version of Our Origin Story”. The New York Times. Pristupljeno 23. 4. 2018.
Sankararaman, Sriram; Mallick, Swapan; Dannemann, Michael; Prüfer, Kay; Kelso, Janet; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David (2014). „The genomic landscape of Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans”. Nature. 507 (7492): 354—57. Bibcode:2014Natur.507..354S. PMC 4072735 . PMID 24476815. doi:10.1038/nature12961.
Vattathil, S.; Akey, J.M. (2015). „Small amounts of archaic admixture provide big insights into human history”. Cell. 163 (2): 281—84. PMID 26451479. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.042.

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Homo neanderthalensis
Poređenje lobanje neandertalca i homo sapiensa
Kreger, C. David (30. 6. 2000). „Homo neanderthalensis”. ArchaeologyInfo.com. Arhivirano iz originala 26. 12. 2018. g. Pristupljeno 23. 5. 2009.
O'Neil, Dennis (12. 5. 2009). „Evolution of Modern Humans: Neandertals”. Arhivirano iz originala 26. 12. 2018. g. Pristupljeno 23. 5. 2009.
New Portuguese skull may be an early relative of Neandertals — article by Ann Gibbons at Science, March 13, 2017.
In Neanderthal DNA, Signs of a Mysterious Human Migration — article by Carl Zimmer, NY Times, July 4, 2017
„Homo neanderthalensis”. The Smithsonian Institution. 14. 2. 2010.
„Neanderthal DNA”. International Society of Genetic Genealogy. Arhivirano iz originala 17. 6. 2006. g. : Includes Neanderthal mtDNA sequences
Panoramio — The Neandertal foot prints' (photo of ≈25K years old fossilised footprints discovered in 1970 on volcanic layers near Demirkopru Dam Reservoir, Manisa, Turkey)
Did better mothering defeat the Neanderthals?
My Great-great-great Grandfather's a Neanderthal
Ancient tryst fortified human immune system
Neanderthal-human hybridisation hypothesis
Neanderthal hybridisation and Haldane's rule Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (5. септембар 2014)
Neanderthal Studies Professional Online Service (NESPOS) fossil overview
Human Timeline (Interactive) — Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).

[naming-1] Howell, F. Clark (1957). „The evolutionary significance of variation and varieties of 'Neanderthal' man”. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 32 (4): 330—47. JSTOR 2816956. PMID 13506025. doi:10.1086/401978. Foley, Tim. TalkOrigins Archive. „Neanderthal or Neandertal?”. 2005.

[2] Romeo, Luigi (1979). Ecce Homo!:A Lexicon of Man. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. str. 92. ISBN 978-9027220066.

[3] Camp, C. L; Allison, H. J.; Nichols, R. H. (1964). Bibliography of Fossil Vertebrates 1954—1958. New York: The Geological Society of America, Inc. str. 556. ISBN 978-0-8137-1092-1.

[4] „Neanderthal in ODE”. Oxford Dictionaries. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 07. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 22. 04. 2019.

[5] „'Neanderthal' in Random House Dictionary (US) & Collins Dictionary (UK)”. Dictionary.com.

[Pääbo2014-6] Pääbo 2014, str. 237

[higham2014-7] Higham, T.; Douka, K.; Wood, R.; Ramsey, C.B.; Brock, F.; Basell, L.; Camps, M.; Arrizabalaga, A.; Baena, J.; C. Barroso-Ruíz; C. Bergman; C. Boitard; P. Boscato; M. Caparrós; N.J. Conard; C. Draily; A. Froment; B. Galván; P. Gambassini; A. Garcia-Moreno; S. Grimaldi; P. Haesaerts; B. Holt; M.-J. Iriarte-Chiapusso; A. Jelinek; J.F. Jordá Pardo; J.-M. Maíllo-Fernández; A. Marom; J. Maroto; M. Menéndez; L. Metz; E. Morin; A. Moroni; F. Negrino; E. Panagopoulou; M. Peresani; S. Pirson; M. de la Rasilla; J. Riel-Salvatore; A. Ronchitelli; D. Santamaria; P. Semal; L. Slimak; J. Soler; N. Soler; A. Villaluenga; R. Pinhasi; R. Jacobi (2014). „The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance”. Nature. 512 (7514): 306—09. Bibcode:2014Natur.512..306H. PMID 25143113. doi:10.1038/nature13621. „We show that the Mousterian [the Neanderthal tool-making tradition] ended by 41,030–39,260 calibrated years BP (at 95.4% probability) across Europe. We also demonstrate that succeeding 'transitional' archaeological industries, one of which has been linked with Neanderthals (Châtelperronian), end at a similar time.” Higham, T. (2011). „European Middle and Upper Palaeolithic radiocarbon dates are often older than they look: problems with previous dates and some remedies” (PDF). Antiquity. 85 (327): 235—49. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00067570.

[pinhasi2011-8] Pinhasi, R.; T.F.G. Higham; L.V. Golovanova; V.B. Doronichev (2011). „Revised age of late Neanderthal occupation and the end of the Middle Paleolithic in the northern Caucasus”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 108 (21): 8611—16. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.8611P. PMC 3102382 . PMID 21555570. doi:10.1073/pnas.1018938108. „The direct date of the fossil (39,700 ± 1,100 ¹⁴C BP) is in good agreement with the probability distribution function, indicating at a high level of probability that Neanderthals did not survive at Mezmaiskaya Cave after 39 ka cal BP. [...] This challenges previous claims for late Neanderthal survival in the northern Caucasus. [...] Our results confirm the lack of reliably dated Neanderthal fossils younger than ≈40 ka cal BP in any other region of Western Eurasia, including the Caucasus.”

[galvan2014-9] Galván, B.; C.M. Hernández; Mallol, C.; Mercier, N.; Sistiaga, A.; Soler, V. (2014). „New evidence of early Neanderthal disappearance in the Iberian Peninsula” (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 75: 16—27. PMID 25016565. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.002.

[10] McKie, Robin (2. 6. 2013). „Why did the Neanderthals die out?”. The Guardian. Pristupljeno 6. 4. 2017.

[11] „Prvi pouzdano identifikovani fosil neandertalca u Srbiji”. Politika. 18. 4. 2019. Pristupljeno 20. 4. 2019.

[12] Kadić, V. (4. 12. 2012). „Nikšić: Crvena stijena mamac za arheologe”. Večernje novosti. Pristupljeno 20. 4. 2019.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

Normativna kontrola
Državne	Španija Francuska BnF podaci Nemačka Izrael Sjedinjene Države Japan Češka
Ostale	Enciklopedija Britanika