Nevera

Nevera je pojam koji je nastao negacijom vere i ima ogroman dijapazon upotrebe. Nevera se upotrebljavala i kao izraz za neposlušnost, izdaju, uskraćivanje dužne službe, ogrešenje o istinu ali i gaženje bračne vernosti (preljube). Izraz se koristio i za izražavanje jeresi i paganstva. Takođe, to je jedan od najtežih zločina u srpskom srednjovekovnom krivičnom pravu.

Srbija

O neveri svedoče činjenice pre i nakon Dušanovog zakonika i postoje tri vrste takvih podataka. Plemićki stalež (vlastela) je imao beneficiju u da neposredno vrši službu za vladara. Ta privilegija se sastojala od vojne ali i drugih funkcija koje bi im vladar poverio. Nevera je bila krivično delo namenjeno za vlastelu. Kao takvo, ona je značila neposlušnost prema vladaru odnosno uskraćivanje poverene službe. To je bio zločin koji od polovine XIII veka pripada redu carskih dugova za koje se odgovara pred vladarevim ili državnim sudom. Glavna kazna koja je bila zastupljena za takvu vrstu nevere bila je konfiskacija celokupne imovine krivca. U težim slučajevima, krivca bi pogađala i lična kazna (najčešće smrtna). Druga vrsta podataka govori o tome da su se često izricale kazne za druge zločine koje su bile iste kao i one predviđene za neveru. Često se mogao čuti izraz „da se raspe i i nakaže po zakonu kako i nevernik“. Treći indikator jesu kazne konfiskacije imovine koje su se najverovatnije primenjivale ali nažalost nema podataka da su se stvarno koristile i lične kazne.

Dušanov zakonik je zadržao osnove običajnog prava u slučaju nevere. U njemu je propisano kako se tretiraju ljudi koji prime nečijeg čoveka bez carevog pisma ili oni koji bi grabili imovinu pobeglog vlastelina ili vlastelića. Najvažnija novina koju je uveo je ograničenje odgovornosti isključivo na nevernikovu kuću, a ne na čitav rod. Krivica se utvrđivala individualno, nije odgovarao brat za brata ni otac za sina ako su odeljeni, ali je materijalno bila odgovorna kuća kojoj je nevernik pripadao.

Bosna

U srednjovekovnoj Bosni najteža „krivina“ (protivpravna radnja) protiv države i vladara jeste bila nevera. To je delo koje je mogao da izvrši samo vlastelin. Krivicu nevernika bi utvrđivao stanak odnosno od druge polovine XIV veka članovi Crkve bosanske. Za razliku od srednjovekovne Srbije, ovde je vladar imao mogućnost samo da optuži krivca ali ne i da mu sudi. Kada bi vlastelin počinio neveru sve garantije koje je dobio „vjerom gospodskom“ bi prestale da postoje. Kazna za postupak su naizmenično bile globa i smrtna kazna. Sama sankcija je zavisila od političkog odnosa snaga između vladara i vlastele, pogotovo velike vlastele. Konfiskacija imovine i smrtna kazna su bile blaže u odnosu na srpsku verziju.

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