Papska država
Papska država Stato della Chiesa | |||
---|---|---|---|
![]() Papska država 1815. posle Napoleonovih ratova | |||
Geografija | |||
Kontinent | Evropa | ||
Regija | Apenini | ||
Prestonica | Rim | ||
Društvo | |||
Službeni jezik | latinski, italijanski, oksitanski | ||
Religija | Rimokatolička | ||
Politika | |||
Oblik države | Teokratska apsolutistička monarhija | ||
— Papa | Papa Stefan II (prvi) | ||
Papa Pije IX (poslednji) | |||
Istorija | |||
Postojanje | |||
— Osnivanje | 754. | ||
— Ukidanje | 1870. | ||
Događaji | |||
— Osnivanje | 754. | ||
— Nezavisnost od Svetog rimskog carstava | 1177. | ||
— Kraj Papske države | 20. septembar 1870. |
Papska država ili Papske zemlje (ital. Stato della Chiesa) je ime istorijske italijanske države koja je postojala od 754. do 1870.[1] Službeni naziv bio je Patrimonium Sancti Petri. Grad Vatikan je minijaturna država naslednik Papske države.
Istorija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Rana istorija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Pipin Mali je sredinom 8. veka osvojio veći deo severne Italije i poklonio prostor bivšeg Ravenskog egzarhata rimokatoličkom papi Stefanu II. Ovaj istorijski akt je poznat kao Pipinov poklon. Karlo Veliki je 781. kodifikovao i odredio teritorije na kojima Papa ima suverenitet. Teritorija je obuhvatala Rim i okolinu, ali i Ravenu, Pentapolis i Vojvodstvo Benevento, Toskanu, Korziku, Lombardiju i još neke gradove. Saradnja papstva i Karolinške dinastije je kulminirala 800. kada je Papa Lav III krunisao Karla Velikog za prvog germanskog „Cara Rimljana“ (Augustus Romanorum). Međutim, u prva tri veka postojanja Papske države, Papa nije imao efektivnu kontrolu nad celom državom, niti je bilo jasno da li je Papska država nezavisna u odnosu na Sveto rimsko carstvo.
U 10. veku, car Oton I je sklopio ugovor sa Papom po kojem je Papskoj državi potvrđen suverenitet i nezavisnost. Ovo pitanje je i dalje ostalo predmet sukoba papstva i carstva, sve do oko 1300. kada je nezavisnost Pape prevagnula.
Od 1305. do 1378, Pape su stanovale u Avinjonu, u južnoj Francuskoj. Papska država je tada samo formalno bila pod njihovom kontrolom. Grad Avinjon je bio deo Papske države, i ostao njen posed sve do Francuske revolucije.
Papska država na vrhuncu moći
[uredi | uredi izvor]Tokom Renesanse, teritorija Papske države se proširila, najviše pod Papama Aleksandrom VI i Julijem II. Pape su postale jedne od najvažnijih italijanskih svetovnih vladara, pored svoje uloge u Crkvi. U praksi, većinom papskih poseda su vladali mesni prinčevi. Tek u 16. veku su Pape uspostavile potpunu kontrolu nad svojim teritorijama.
Na vrhuncu teritorijalne ekspanzije, u 18. veku, Papska država je obuhvatala većinu centralne Italije: Lacij, Umbriju, Marku, Ravenu, Feraru, Bolonju i delove Romanje. Takođe je uključivala enklave u južnoj Italiji i okolinu Avinjona u Francuskoj.
Doba revolucija
[uredi | uredi izvor]U periodima 1796—1800. i 1808—1814, francuska revolucionarna armija je pretvorila Papske posede u Rimsku republiku, a kasnije u deo Francuske.
Italijanski nacionalni revolucionari su 1849. proglasili Rimsku republiku, dok je Papa Pije IX pobegao iz Rima. Francuske trupe Luj Napoleona Bonaparte i Austrije su porazile revolucionare i vratile Papu na vlast.
Ujedinjenje Italije — kraj Papske države
[uredi | uredi izvor]Godine 1860, država ujedinitelj Italije — Sardinija, pripojila je Bolonju, Feraru, Umbriju, Marku i Benevento Italiji. Ove teritorije su bile približno dve trećine Papske države. Pod papskom kontrolom je ostao region Lacij u okolini Rima. Tako je pokrenuto Rimsko pitanje, t. j. pitanje suvereniteta nad gradom Rimom.
Papski suverenitet u Rimu je štitio francuski garnizon. Ovaj garnizon se povukao jula 1870. zbog izbijanja Francusko-pruskog rata. U septembru, Italija je objavila rat Papskoj državi i osvojila Rim 20. septembra. Papa Pije IX se povukao iz svoje uobičajene rezidencije Palate Kvirinale u Vatikan i proglasio se zarobljenikom.
Kasnije, 1929, Papa Pije XI formalno se odrekao poseda Papske države i potpisao Lateranski sporazum sa Italijom, kojim je formirana država Grad Vatikan. Ova država je suverena teritorija Svete Stolice, koja je sama po sebi subjekt međunarodnog prava.
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ „Papal States”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 30. 4. 2020.
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]Ovaj članak uključuje tekst iz publikacije koja je sada u javnom vlasništvu: Herberman, Čarls, ur. (1913). „States of the Church”. Katolička enciklopedija. Njujork: Robert Eplton.
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