Porfirio Dijaz
Porfirio Dijaz | |||||||||||||
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Lični podaci | |||||||||||||
Datum rođenja | 15. septembar 1830. | ||||||||||||
Mesto rođenja | Oahaka, Meksiko | ||||||||||||
Datum smrti | 2. jul 1915.84 god.) ( | ||||||||||||
Mesto smrti | Pariz, Francuska | ||||||||||||
Profesija | vojno lice, političar | ||||||||||||
Politička karijera | |||||||||||||
Politička stranka | Liberalna stranka | ||||||||||||
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Potpis |
Hose de la Kruz Porfirio Dijaz Mori (šp. José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mory;[1] Oahaka, 15. septembar 1830 — Pariz, 2. jul 1915) bio je meksički političar, general i predsednik koji je vladao kao diktator.[2] On je bio sedam mandata na mestu predsednika Meksika, ukupno 31 godinu, od 28. novembra 1876. do 6. decembra 1876, 17. februara 1877. do 1. decembra 1880. i od 1. decembra 1884. do 25. maja 1911. Ceo period od 1876. do 1911. godine je često se naziva i porfirijat.[3]
Veteran Rata za reforme (1858–1860) i francuske intervencije u Meksiku (1862–1867), Dijaz se uzdigao u čin generala, predvodeći republičke trupe protiv vladavine cara Maksimilijana koju su nametnuli Francuzi. Potom se pobunio protiv predsednika Benita Huareza i Sebastijana Lerda de Tehade, po principu da nema ponovnog izbora za predsednika. Dijaz je uspeo da preuzme vlast, svrgavajući Lerda pučem 1876. godine, uz pomoć svojih političkih pristalica, a izabran je 1877. Godine 1880, on je podneo ostavku, a njegov politički saveznik Manuel Gonzalez izabran je za predsednika, koji je bio na funkciji od 1880. do 1884. godine. Godine 1884. Dijaz je odustao od ideje o odustvu ponovnog izbora i neprekidno je bio na funkciji do 1911.[4]
Dijaz je kontroverzna ličnost u meksičkoj istoriji. Njegov režim je okončao politička previranja i promovisao ekonomski razvoj. On i njegovi saveznici činili su grupu tehnokrata poznatih kao Sientifikosi, „naučnici”.[5] Njegova ekonomska politika uveliko je koristila njegovom krugu saveznika, kao i stranim investitorima, i pomogla je nekolicini bogatih zemljoposednika (hacendados) da steknu ogromne površine zemlje, ostavljajući ruralne campesinos bez sredstava za život. U kasnijim godinama ova politika postala je nepopularna zbog građanske represije i političkih sukoba, kao i izazova radne snage i seljaštva, grupa koje nisu učestvovale u prosperitetu Meksika.
Uprkos javnim izjavama 1908. u kojima se zalaže za povratak demokratiji i obustavu prakse uzastopnog kandidovanja, Diaz je preobratio svoje stanovište i ponovo se kandidovao na izborima 1910. godine. Njegov neuspeh da institucionalizuje predsedničko nasleđe, pošto je tada imao 80 godina, pokrenuo je političku krizu između Sientifikosa i sledbenika generala Bernarda Rejesa, u savezništvu sa vojskom i sa perifernim regijama Meksika.[6] Nakon što se Dijaz 1910. proglasio pobednikom osmog mandata, njegov izborni protivkandidat, bogati posednik Fransisko I. Madero, objavio je plan San Luis Potosa pozivajući na oružanu pobunu protiv Dijaza, što je dovelo do izbijanja Meksičke revolucije. Nakon što je Savezna armija pretrpela brojne vojne poraze protiv snaga koje su podržavale Madera, Dijaz je u maju 1911. godine morao da podnese ostavku i otišao je u egzil u Pariz, gde je četiri godine kasnije umro.
Biografija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Rođen je u državi Oahaka. Bio je mestik, mešane španske i domorodačke krvi. Otac mu je umro kada je imao tri godine[7], a majka mu je vodila gostionicu dok taj posao nije propao.
Pošao je u vojsku i pre 40. godine postao general zbog taktičkih zamisli i genijalnog ratovanja. Bio je odan predsedniku Meksika, Benitu Huarezu. Pripadao je Liberalnoj stranci. Iako su mu nudili razne položaje i počasti da pređe na stranu cara Maksimilijana, uvek je odbijao. Nakon Huarezove smrti, pokušao je da postane predsednik, ali je izgubio izbore.
Na vlast je prvi put došao kao predsednik 1876. i vršio funkciju do 1880, kada je prepustio mesto mlađima, no razdoblje od 1880. do 1884. obeležila je korupcija i politička nesposobnost. Ponovno je došao na vlast 1884. godine i počeo da vlada poput diktatora. Promenio je ustav kako bi si omogućio dva mandata na funkciji predsednika, a kasnije je ukinuo sva ograničenja za reizbor. Deseterostruko je povećao izgradnju železničke mreže, uveo je telegraf, parnu mašinu, razvio industriju i privukao strani kapital. Bio je lukav političar koji je nagovarao zemljoposednike da pređu na kapitalizam.
Kada je rekao da je Meksiko spreman za demokratiju, pojavio se Fransisko Madero, no Dijaz je osporio rezultate izbora. To je bila iskra koja je stvorila niz događaja poznat kao Meksička revolucija.
Nakon silaska s vlasti 1911. otišao je u egzil[8], a umro je u Parizu četiri godine kasnije.
Ženio se dva puta.
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ "Díaz". Dictionary.com.
- ^ „Porfirio Diaz | Presidency & Facts | Britannica”. www.britannica.com (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2024-02-05.
- ^ Stevens, D.F. "Porfirio Díaz" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, p. 378. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
- ^ Schell, William Jr., "Politics and Government: 1876–1910" in Encyclopedia of Mexico. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 1111–1117.
- ^ Vaughan, Mary Kay, "Científicos" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, p. 155. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
- ^ Vaughan, "Cientificos", p. 155.
- ^ „Porfirio Diaz Biography”. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Arhivirano iz originala 31. 12. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 03. 2. 2013.
- ^ „Gen. Diaz Departs and Warns Mexico”. New York Times. 31. 05. 1911. Pristupljeno 03. 2. 2013.
Reference
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Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Historial Text Archive: Díaz, Porfirio (1830–1915)
- Porfirio Díaz na sajtu Projekat Gutenberg (jezik: engleski)
- Porfirio Dijaz na sajtu Internet Archive (jezik: engleski)
- The New Student's Reference Work/Diaz, Porfirio
- Creelman's interview in Spanish Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (24. januar 2021)
- Creelman's interview in English Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (7. maj 2021)
- Novinski isečci na temu Porfirio Dijaz u Novinskim arhivama 20. veka Nemačke nacionalne biblioteke ekonomije (ZBW)