Sijera Nevada (SAD)
Sijera Nevada | |
---|---|
Geografske karakteristike | |
Najviša tačka | 4.421[2] |
Koordinate | 37° 26′ S; 119° 20′ I / 37.44° S; 119.34° I 37° 26′ S; 119° 20′ I / 37.44° S; 119.34° I |
Dimenzije | |
Dužina | 640[3] km |
Površina | 63.100 km2 |
Geografija | |
Države | SAD |
Republike | Kalifornija, Nevada |
Grupa | Kordiljeri |
Geologija | |
Starost stena | Mezozoik |
Sijera Nevada (engl. Sierra Nevada; na španskom „snežni lanac“)[4] planinski je venac u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, u američkoj saveznoj državi Kalifornija. Na nekoliko mesta prelazi i u susednu Nevadu. Lanac je poznat kao Sijera, Visoka Sijera i Sijere.[1]
Sijera se prostire na dužini od 400 kilometara, u pravcu sever-jug,[3] a široka je oko 110 kilometara u pravcu istok-zapad.[5] Poznate karakteristike planine jesu jezero Taho, najveće planinsko jezero u Severnoj Americi, planina Vitni, visine 4.421 metar[6] i najviša tačka Sjedinjenih Američkih Država i dolina Josemiti izvajana glečerima od stotina miliona godina starog granita. Sijera predstavlja dom tri nacionalna parka, dvadeset divljih oblasti i dva nacionalna spomenika. To su Josemiti, Sekvoja i Kraljev kanjon nacionalni parkovi i nacionalni spomenik Đavolji postpil.
Etimologija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Prvi put iskorišćen 1542. godine od strane Huana Rodrigeza Kabrila da opiše Pacifički Obalski pojas (planine Santa Kruz), termin Sijera Nevada bio je opšte iskorišćen za manje poznate planinske vence u unutrašnjosti.[7] Godine 1777. Pedro Font je ovo ime iskoristio na svojoj mapi za planine koje i danas nose to ime.[8]
Doslovan prevod Snežne planine, od španskih reči sierra - razuđen planinski masiv i nevado - snežan.[9][10]
Geografija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Sijera Nevada leži u centralnoj i istočnoj Kaliforniji, sa veoma malim, ali istorijski važnim, delom u Nevadi. U pravcu zapad-istok, planina se uspinje od 300 metara u Centralnoj dolini do 3.200 metara nadmorske visine na svom grebenu, samo 80-121 km na istoku. Istočne padine planine predstavljaju Sijera Strminu. Za razliku od okoline, planinski okrug prima velike količine snega i padavina zbog ortografskog izdizanja. Okruženje planina na većim nadmorskim visinama, do 1.800 metara, uglavnom je vlažno i močvarno. Planinski prolaz Doner jedno je od najsnežnijih mesta u SAD.
Položaj
[uredi | uredi izvor]Sijera Nevada proteže se od reke Suzan[11] i prolaza Fridonijer[12] na severu do prolaza Tehačapi na jugu.[3] Na zapadu Kalifornije je ograničena Centralnom dolinom, a na jug provincijom Basen i Venac.
Geografska granica Sijere i Kaskadnih planina se praktično ne uočava, a prolaz Fridonijer je tradicionalna granica. Fizičkogeografski gledano, Sijera Nevada je deo pokrajine Sijera-Kaskadne planine, a ona je pak deo većeg, Pacifičkog planinskog masiva.
Slivovi
[uredi | uredi izvor]Sa planine polaze reke Sakramento, sa severozapadnih padina, i San Hoakin, zapadnih-jugozapadnih padina, i to su dva glavna vodotoka Centralne kalifornijske doline koji se na kraju ulivaju u Pacifik. Manje reke na zapadnim padinama su Pero, Juba, Američka Reka, Mokelamn, Stanislav i Tulumn. Sa južnih padina polaze četiri reke, a to su Kraljeva reka, Kaveja, Rio San Pedro i Kern. Ove reke ulivaju se u Tularsko jezero, ali se tokom kišnih godina pridružuju reci San Hoakin.
Sa istočnih padina planine polaze male reke koje nastaju topljenjem snega i ulivaju se u Veliki basen u Nevadi, u istočnoj Kaliforniji. Od severa prema jugu reka Suzan teče u jezero Hani. Reka Traki otiče iz jezera Taho i uliva se u jezero Piramid; reka Karson uliva se u Karson Sink, reka Voker u istoimeno jezero, reka Ovens u istoimeno jezero. Nijedna od ovih reka ne dolazi do mora, međutim, mnogi potoci iz jezera Mono otiču južno do Los Anđeles akvadukta, odakle se voda preusmerava u Južnu Kaliforniju.
Nadmorska visina
[uredi | uredi izvor]Visina planina venca Sijera Nevada povećava se postepeno od severa prema jugu. Između prolaza Fridonijer i jezera Taho, vrhovi su u rasponu od 1.500 do preko 2.700 metara. Greben u blizini jezera visine je 2.700 metara, sa nekoliko vrhova čija se visina približava visini vrha Fril (3.317 metara). Dalje na jugu, najviša planina u nacionalnom parku Josemiti je Lajel, visine 3.999 metara. Venac Sijera raste do skoro 4.300 metara, sa planinom Hamfri blizu Bišopa u Kaliforniji. Konačno, blizu Loun Pajna, planina Vitni dostiže visinu od 4.421 metar i ona predstavlja najvišu tačku u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama.
Južno od planine Vitni, visina venca brzo opada. Visina grebena je skoro 3.000 metara kod jezera Izabela, ali južno od jezera vrhovi dostižu skromnih 2.400 metara.[13]
Geološka istorija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Najstarije stene na Sijera Nevadi su metamorfne stene paleozojske starosti, nastale metasedimentacijom stena sa planine Morison u kambrijumu.[14] To su tamno obojeni argilošist, mermer i mikašist i nalaze se u zapadnom podnožju i istočno od Sijera Grebena.[15] Najranije granitne stene na Sijeri formirane su u trijasu. One se uglavnom nalaze istočno od vrha.[16] U trijasu i juri, ostrvski luk sudario se sa zapadnom obalom Severne Amerike i formirao lanac vulkana u događaju zvanom Nevadska orogenija.[17] Gotovo svi nadzemni vulkani Sijere su nestali; njihovi ostaci nestali su stvaranjem Velike doline i kasnijim punjenjem doline tokom kenozoika, koja je danas veliki izvor sedimentnih stena u Kaliforniji.
U kredi je formirana subdukcijska zona na ivici kontinenta.[18] To znači da je okeanska ploča počela da se podvlači pod severnoameričke ploče. Magma formirana tokom subdukcije drevne okeanske Faralonske ploče rasla je duboko pod zemljom i formirala ono što danas zovemo batolit Sijera Nevade.[19]
Klima
[uredi | uredi izvor]Klima u Sijera Nevadi je pod uticajem mediteranske klime u Kaliforniji. Tokom jeseni, zime i proleća, količina padavina u Sijeri kreće se od 210 do 2.030 milimetara, a sneg se javlja iznad 1.800 metara. Količina padavina je najveća na centralnim i severnim delovima zapadnih padina, koje su visine između 1.500 i 2.400 metara.[19] Iznad 2.400 metara količina padavina smanjuje se na zapadnim padinama pa sve do grebena. Veliki deo venca istočno od grebena je u senci kiše i prima godišnje manje od 500 milimetara padavina.[20] Leta su suva sa niskim procentom vlažnosti, međutim, popodnevne oluje su česte, naročito tokom severnoameričkog monsuna. Leti, temperature su uglavnom između 6 i 32 °C. Zime su relativno blage, a temperature su obično niske koliko je potrebno da se održi debeli snežni pokrivač. Zimi temperature idu uglavnom od 2 do -9 °C, a retko kad ispod -18 °C. Sezona cvetanja i buđenja prirode traje od 20 do 230 dana i mnogo zavisi od nadmorske visine.[21] Najviši vrhovi na Sijeri imaju alpsku klimu.
Snežni pokrivač na Sijeri predstavlja glavni izvor vode i značajan izvor električne energije u Kaliforniji.[22] Mnogi rezervoari izgrađeni su u kanjonu tokom 20. veka. Nekoliko velikih akvadukta snabdevaju vodom i poljoprivredna imanja i urbane zone. Međutim, Sijera baca senku kiše koja u velikoj meri utiče na klimu i ekologiju Velikog basena. Senka kiše je u velikoj meri odgovorna i za to što je Nevada najsuvlja država u SAD.[23]
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ a b Muir, John (1894). „Chapter 1: The Sierra Nevada”. The Mountains of California. Arhivirano iz originala 10. 04. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 29. 5. 2010.
- ^ „Sierra Nevada”. SummitPost.org. Pristupljeno 29. 5. 2010.
- ^ a b v „Sierra Nevada”. Ecological Subregions of California. United States Forest Service. Arhivirano iz originala 5. 12. 2010. g.
- ^ Carlson, Helen S. (1976). Nevada Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary. University of Nevada Press. str. 215. ISBN 978-0-87417-094-8.
- ^ „Sierra Nevada”. SummitPost.org. Pristupljeno 29. 5. 2010.
- ^ „Mount Whitney”. NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey.
- ^ Farquhar, Francis P. (mart 1925). „Exploration of the Sierra Nevada”. California Historical Society Quarterly. 4 (1): 3—58. JSTOR 25177743. doi:10.2307/25177743. hdl:2027/mdp.39015049981668. Arhivirano iz originala 7. 11. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 10. 11. 2015.
- ^ Farquhar, Francis P. (1926). „S”. Place Names of the Sierra Nevada. San Francisco: Sierra Club. Arhivirano iz originala 23. 06. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 24. 04. 2022.
- ^ „Sierra”. Etymology Online.
- ^ „Nevada”. Etymology Online.
- ^ „Subsection M261Eb: Fredonyer Butte – Grizzly Peak”. Arhivirano iz originala 5. 12. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 2. 8. 2010.
- ^ „Sierra Nevada”. Peakbagger.com. Pristupljeno 7. 8. 2010.
- ^ „Google terrain map”. Pristupljeno 29. 5. 2010.
- ^ Stevens, CH; Greene, DC (2000). „Geology of Paleozoic rocks in eastern Sierra Nevada roof pendants, California”. Geological Society of America. Field Guide 2.
- ^ „Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Mount Morrison Quadrangle, Sierra Nevada, California” (PDF). United States Geological Survey.
- ^ Unger, Tanya S. „Mesozoic Plutonism in the Sierra Nevada Batholith”. Arhivirano iz originala 23. 9. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 22. 10. 2015.
- ^ Shaffer, Jeffrey. „Evolution of the Yosemite Landscape — The Nevadan Orogeny”. One Hundred Hikes in Yosemite. Arhivirano iz originala 14. 5. 2011. g. Pristupljeno 22. 10. 2015.
- ^ Blakely, Ron. „Geologic History of Western US”. Arhivirano iz originala 22. 06. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 24. 10. 2015.
- ^ a b Schoenherr, Allan A. (1995). A Natural History of California. UC Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06922-0.
- ^ „Average Annual Precipitation”. Sierra Nevada Photos. Arhivirano iz originala 22. 2. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 2. 1. 2014.
- ^ „Chapter 33-Ecological subregions of the United States, Sierran Steppe - Mixed Forest - Coniferous Forest”. United States Forest Service. Pristupljeno 30. 8. 2013.
- ^ „Water—Most of California's Water Comes from the Sierra Nevada” (PDF). Sierra Nevada Conservancy. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 5. 7. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 9. 6. 2010.
- ^ „Climatology by state based on climate division data: 1971–2000”. NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory.
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Yosemite & The Southern Sierra Nevada: A Complete Guide, Including Sequoia & Kings Canyon, Death Valley & Mammoth Lakes (Great Destinations), by David T. Page, ISBN 978-1-58157-077-9, 2008.
- Climbing Mt. Whitney, by Peter Croft and Wynne Benti, 3rd edition, 42nd printing, ISBN 978-1-893343-14-6, Spotted Dog Press, Bishop, CA 2007
- John Muir Trail: The Essential Guide to Hiking America's Most Famous Trail, 4th edition, by Elizabeth Wenk with Kathy Morey, ISBN 978-0-89997-436-1, 2007.
- Sierra South: Backcountry Trips in California's Sierra Nevada by Kathy Morey and Mike White, with Stacy Corless, Analise Elliot, Chris Tirrell, and Thomas Winnett, Wilderness Press, ISBN 978-0-89997-414-9, 2006.
- Sierra North: Backcountry Trips in California's Sierra Nevada by Kathy Morey and Mike White, with Stacy Corless and Thomas Winnett, Wilderness Press, 9th edition, ISBN 978-0-89997-396-8, 2005.
- Feather River Country Adventure Trails..., by Tom Demund, ISBN 0-9679740-2-X, 2004.
- Close Ups of the High Sierra, by Norman Clyde, 2nd edition, 3rd printing, ISBN 0-9647530-3-0, Spotted Dog Press, Bishop CA 2004
- Woman on the Rocks: The Mountaineering Letters of Ruth Dyar Mendenhall, 1st edition, ISBN 978-1-893343-15-3, Spotted Dog Press, Bishop CA 2004
- 100 Hikes in Yosemite, by Marc J. Soares, Mountaineers Books, ISBN 0-89886-867-X, 2003.
- Starr's Guide to the John Muir Trail and the High Sierra Region 12th rev. ed., by Walter A. Starr, Jr. ISBN 0-87156-172-7. 2002
- The Good, the Great, and the Awesome: The Top 40 High Sierra Rock Climbs, by Peter Croft, ISBN 0-9676116-4-4, 2002.
- Hiking in the Sierra Nevada, by John Mock and Kimberley O'Neil, ISBN 1-74059-272-7, 2002. (A Lonely Planet guidebook).
- Yuba trails 2: A selection of historic hiking trails in the Yuba River and neighboring watersheds, by Hank Meals, Yuba trails 2: A selection of historic hiking trails in the Yuba River and neighboring watersheds. H. Meals. januar 2001. ASIN B0006RSO5U. , 2001.
- The High Sierra: Peaks, Passes, and Trails by R. J. Secor, ISBN 0-89886-625-1, 1999.
- The Tahoe Sierra: A Natural History Guide to 112 Hikes in the Northern Sierra by Jeffrey Schaffer, Wilderness Press, ISBN 0-89997-220-9, 1998
- The Secret Sierra: The Alpine World Above the Trees, by David Gilligan, 1st edition, ISBN 1-893343-01-4, Spotted Dog Press, Bishop CA 1998
- Climbing California's Fourteeners: The Route Guide to the Fifteen Highest Peaks, by Stephen Porcella and Cameron Burns, ISBN 0-89886-555-7, 1998.
- Sierra High Route: Traversing Timberline Country, by Steve Roper, ISBN 0-89886-506-9, 1997.
- Sierra Classics : 100 Best Climbs in the High Sierra, by John Moynier and Claude Fiddler, ISBN 0-934641-60-9, 1993.
- The Tahoe-Yosemite Trail: A Comprehensive Guide..., by Thomas Winnett, Wilderness Press, ISBN 0-89997-084-2, 1987
- Yosemite Climbs. by George Meyers and Don Reid, ISBN 0-934641-05-6, 1987.
- The Vertical World of Yosemite, by Royal Robbins, ISBN 0-911824-87-1, 1973.
- Backcountry Skiing California's High Sierra, by John Moynier, ISBN 1-56044-913-6, 1999.
- Ski Tours in the Sierra Nevada: East of the Sierra, by Marcus Libkind, ISBN 0-931255-03-1, 1986.
- Ski Tours in the Sierra Nevada: Lake Tahoe, by Marcus Libkind, ISBN 0-931255-00-7, 1985.
- Ski Tours in the Sierra Nevada: Yosemite, Huntington and Shaver Lakes, Kings Canyon and Sequoia, by Marcus Libkind, ISBN 0-931255-02-3, 1985.
- The Best Whitewater in California, by Lars Holbek and Chuck Stanley, ISBN 0-9665289-0-5, 1998.
- California Whitewater: A Guide to the Rivers, by Jim Cassady and Fryar Calhoun, ISBN 0-9613650-2-1, 1995.
- The California Naturalist Handbook, by Greg de Nevers, Deborah Stanger Edelman, Adina Merenlender, ISBN 978-0-520-27480-8, 2013.
- The Laws Field Guide to the Sierra Nevada, by John Muir Laws, ISBN 978-1-59714-052-2, 2007.
- Sierra Nevada Natural History by Tracy Storer, Robert Usinger, David Lukas ISBN 0-520-24096-0, 2004
- Wild Northern California by Ron Adkinson, ISBN 1-56044-781-8, 2001
- Sierra East: Edge of the Great Basin by Genny Smith, Diana Tomback, Ann Howald, ISBN 0-520-23914-8, 2000
- Sierra Nevada: The Naturalist's Companion, by Verna Johnston, ISBN 0-520-22488-4, 2000
- Yosemite National Park: A Natural History Guide to Yosemite and its Trails by Jeffrey Schaffer, ISBN 0-89997-244-6, 2000
- Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project, California Resources Agency, 1996.
- A Natural History of California, Allan A. Schoenherr, ISBN 0-520-06922-6, 1995
- Deepest Valley: Guide to Owens Valley, its Roadsides and Mountain Trails by Jeff Putnam, Greg James, Mary DeDecker, Jo Heindel, Genny Smith, ISBN 0-931378-14-1, 1995
- Yosemite: A Visitor's Companion, by George Wuerthner, ISBN 978-0811725989, 1994
- California Forests and Woodlands: A Natural History, by Verna R Johnston, ISBN 0-520-08324-5, 1994.
- Mammoth Lakes Sierra: A Handbook for Roadside and Trail by Dean Rinehart, Elden Vestal, Bettie E. Willard, ISBN 0-931378-13-3, 1993
- California's Eastern Sierra: A Visitor's Guide, Sue Irwin, ISBN 0-9628505-0-0, 1992
- Sierra Club Naturalist's Guide: The Sierra Nevada, by Stephen Whitney, ISBN 0-87156-215-4, 1982.
- The Yosemite by John Muir, ISBN 0-87156-782-2, 1912.
- The Mountains of California Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (8. јун 2014), by John Muir, 1894
- Introduction to California Plant Life, Revised Edition, by Robert Ornduff, Phyllis Faber, Todd Keeler-Wolf, ISBN 0-520-23704-8, 2003.
- Wildflowers of the Eastern Sierra and adjoining Mojave Desert and Great Basin, by Laird R. Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-55105-281-6, 2002.
- Fire in Sierra Nevada Forests: A Photographic Interpretation of Ecological Change Since 1849, by George E. Gruell, ISBN 0-87842-446-6, 2001.
- Conifers of California, by Ronald M. Lanner, ISBN 0-9628505-3-5, 1999.
- Wildflowers of the Sierra Nevada and the Central Valley, by Laird R. Blackwell, ISBN 1-55105-226-1, 1998.
- Sierra Nevada Wildflowers, by Elizabeth L. Horn, ISBN 0-87842-388-5, 1998.
- California Forests and Woodlands: A Natural History, by Verna R. Johnston, Carla J. Simmons (Illustrator), ISBN 0-520-20248-1, 1996.
- A Sierra Nevada Flora, by Norman L Weeden and Amy David, ISBN 0-89997-204-7, 1996.
- Manual of California Vegetation, by Todd Keeler-Wolf and John Sawyer, ISBN 0-943460-26-3, 1995.
- The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (18. октобар 2015) by James C Hickman, ISBN 0-520-08255-9, 1993.
- Oaks of California, by Bruce M. Pavlik, Sharon Johnson, Pamela Muick, Marjorie Popper, ISBN 0-9628505-1-9, 1990.
- Lingering in Tahoe's Wild Gardens: A Guide to Hundreds of the Most Beautiful Wildflower Gardens of the Tahoe Region, by Julie Carville, ISBN 0-9622378-6-8, 1989.
- Illustrated Manual of California Shrubs, by Howard E McMinn, ISBN 0-520-00847-2, 1980.
- Native Trees of the Sierra Nevada, by P. VIctor Peterson, ISBN 0-520-02736-1, 1975.
- Grasses in California, by Beecher Crampton, ISBN 0-520-02507-5, 1974.
- Native Shrubs of the Sierra Nevada, by John H Thomas, ISBN 0-520-02738-8, 1974.
- Discovering Sierra Trees, by Steven Arno, ISBN 0-939666-04-9, 1973.
- Mammals of California (California Natural History Guides), by E. W. Jameson. Jr and Hans J. Peeters, ISBN 0-520-23582-7, University of California Press, 2004
- Sierra Birds: A Hiker's Guide, by John Muir Laws, ISBN 1-890771-78-3, Heyday Books, 2004.
- Birds of Yosemite and the East Slope, by David Gaines, Birds of Yosemite and the East Slope. Artemisia Press. januar 1992. ASIN B0006P3Q46. , Artemisia Press, 1992.
- Discovering Sierra Reptiles and Amphibians (Discovering Sierra Series), by Harold Basey, ISBN 0-939666-03-0, Yosemite Association, 1991.
- Discovering Sierra Birds, by Ted Beedy, ISBN 0-939666-42-1, Yosemite Association, 1985.
- Birds of Yosemite National Park, by Cyril A. Stebbins and Robert C. Stebbins, 1963.
- Mammals of Yosemite, by Harry Parker, 1952.
- Reptiles and Amphibians of Yosemite National Park, by M. V. Walker, 1946.
- Animal Life in the Yosemite, by Joseph Grinnell and Tracy Storer. 1924. Classic work on the fauna of a cross section of the Sierra Nevada, available as an online book.
- Geology of the Sierra Nevada, revised edition, by Mary Hill, ISBN 0-520-23696-3, 2005. (Natural history guide for a general audience.)
- California Geology, by Deborah Harden, ISBN 0-13-100218-X, 2003. (A lower division textbook for non-geology majors, with sufficient introductory material for a general audience.)
- Geology Underfoot in Southern California, by Robert P. Sharp, Allen F. Glazner, ISBN 0-87842-289-7, 2003. (Roadguide with explanations of the geology written for a general audience.)
- Glaciers of California: Modern Glaciers, Ice Age Glaciers, the Origin of Yosemite Valley, and a Glacier Tour in the Sierra Nevada by Bill Guyton, ISBN 0-520-22683-6, 2001. (A general introduction to glaciers and the California glaciers.)
- Roadside Geology of Northern and Central California by David Alt, Donald Hyndman, ISBN 0-87842-409-1, 2000. (Roadguide with explanations of the geology written for a general audience.)
- California Rivers and Streams, by Jeffrey R. Mount, ISBN 0-520-20250-3, 1995. (Natural history/geology, not a river running guide.)
- Assembling California, by John A. McPhee, ISBN 0-374-52393-2, 1994. (Part of the Pulitzer Prize winning series about geology across America, Annals of the Former World, 1999.)
- The Geologic Story of Yosemite National Park by Dr. N. King Huber 1987. (Authoritative book on Yosemite geology written by a USGS geologist.)
- Earthquakes and Young Volcanoes along the Eastern Sierra Nevada: At Mammoth Lakes 1980, Lone Pine 1872, and Inyo and Mono Craters ISBN 0-931378-02-8, 1982.
- The Incomparable Valley: A Geologic Interpretation of the Yosemite, by François E. Matthes, 1950
- Geologic history of the Yosemite Valley: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 160, by François E. Matthes, 1930.
- Geology of the Sierra Nevada, or California Range; Professor John B. Trask's March 1853 report to the [California] State Assembly: 36 pages
- Lake Tahoe's West Shore by Carol A. Jensen, ISBN 0-73858-891-1, 2012
- The age of gold: the California Gold Rush and the new American dream by H.W. Brands, ISBN 0-30748-122-0, 2008.
- Crow's Range: An Environmental History Of The Sierra Nevada, by David Beesley, ISBN 0-87417-562-3, 2004.
- The Mule Men: A History of Stock Packing in the Sierra Nevada by Louise Jackson, ISBN 0-87842-499-7, 2004.
- Shaping the Sierra: Nature, Culture, and Conflict in the Changing West, by Timothy P. Duane, ISBN 0-520-22676-3, 2000.
- Rush for riches; gold fever and the making of California, by J.S. Holliday, ISBN 978-0520214026, 1999.
- A Golden State: mining and economic development in Gold Rush California, Rawls, James J.; Orsi, Richard J., eds., ISBN 0-520-21771-3, 1999.
- Camp 4: Recollections of a Yosemite Rockclimber, by Steve Roper, ISBN 0-89886-587-5, 1998.
- Old Mammoth: A First Hand Account by Adele Reed, ISBN 0-931378-04-4, 1994
- Mammoth Gold: The Ghost Towns of Lake District by Gary Caldwell ISBN 0-931378-12-5, 1990
- Solomons of the Sierra: The Pioneer of the John Muir Trail, by Shirley Sargent and Peter Browning, ISBN 1-878345-21-4, 1990.
- Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness by Alfred Runte, ISBN 0-8032-3894-0, 1990.
- Beulah: A Biography of the Mineral King Valley of California by Louise A. Jackson, ISBN 0-87026-065-0, 1988.
- Lost Cement Mine by James W.A. Wright ISBN 0-931378-09-5, 1984
- Owens Valley Groundwater Conflict by Genny Smith ISBN 0-931378-03-6, 1978
- History of the Sierra Nevada by Francis Farquhar ISBN 0-520-01551-7, 1965
- California Place Names: The origin and etymology of current geographical names, by Gudde Erwin and William Bright, ISBN 0-520-26619-6, 2004.
- Place Names of the Sierra Nevada: From Abbot to Zumwalt, by Peter Browning, ISBN 0-89997-119-9, 1991.
- Place Names of the High Sierra, by Francis P. Farquhar, 1926.
- Spirit in the Desert: Pilgrimages to Sacred Sites in the Owens Valley, Brad Karelius, BookSurge Publishing, ISBN 1-4392-1721-1, 0-520-07245-6, 2009.
- Jesus, History and Mt. Darwin: An Academic Excursion by Rick Kennedy. ISBN 978-0-7188-9189-3, 2008.
- Exploring the Highest Sierra, James G. Moore, Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-3703-7, 2000.
- Close Ups of the High Sierra, by Norman Clyde, ISBN 0-9647530-3-0, 1998.
- High Sierra: John Muir's Range of Light, by Phil Arnot, ISBN 1-884550-06-1, 1996.
- The Sierra Nevada: A Mountain Journey, by Tim Palmer, ISBN 0-933280-53-X, 1988.
- A journal of ramblings through the High Sierra of California by the University excursion party, by Joseph LeConte, Library of Congress F868.S5 L39 1960, 1960.
- Up and Down California in 1860–1864, by William H. Brewer, ISBN 0-520-02762-0, 1930.
- My First Summer in the Sierra by John Muir ISBN 0-14-025570-2, 1911.
- Discovery of the Yosemite by Lafayette H. Bunnell, ISBN 0-939666-58-8, 1892.
- Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada by Clarence King. ISBN 0-8032-7783-0, 1872.