Solarni kalendar

Solarni kalendar je kalendar čiji datumi/nadnevci ukazuju na položaj Zemlje tokom njene revolucije oko Sunca, odn. prividni položaj Sunca prilikom njegovog kretanja po nebeskoj sferi. Gregorijanski kalendar, široko prihvaćen kao standard u svetu, je primer solarnog kalendara. Glavne druge vrste kalendara su lunarni i lunisolarni kalendar, čiji meseci odgovaraju ciklusima Mesečevih faza. Meseci gregorijanskog kalendara ne odgovaraju ciklusima Mesečeve faze.

Smatra se da su Egipćani bili prvi koji su razvili solarni kalendar, koristeći kao fiksnu tačku ponovno pojavljivanje Pasje zvezde – Sirijusa ili Sotisa – na istočnom nebu, što se poklopilo sa godišnjim izlivanjem reke Nil. Oni su napravili su kalendar od 365 dana, koji se sastoji od 12 meseci od po 30 dana, sa 5 dana dodatih na kraju godine. Međutim, neuspeh Egipćana da uzmu u obzir dodatni delić dana doveo je do toga da njihov kalendar postepeno akumulira greške.

Tropski solarni kalendari

Ako se položaj Zemlje (ili Sunca) prati u odnosu na ekvinoks, (ravnodnevicu, prolećnu ili jesenju), onda datumi ukazuju na godišnje doba (čime su sinhronizovani sa deklinacijom Sunca). Takav kalendar se zove tropski solarni kalendar.

Srednja kalendarska godina takvog kalendara aproksimira neki oblik tropske godine (tipično srednju tropsku godinu ili godinu prolećne ravnodnevice).

Sledeći kalendari su solarni:

• Gregorijanski kalendar
• Julijanski kalendar
• Bahaistički kalendar
• Koptski kalendar
• Iranski kalendar
• Malajalamski kalendar
• Tamilski kalendar
• Tajlandski solarni kalendar

Svi ovi kalendari imaju godinu od 365 dana, koja se povremeno produžava za jedan dan, tokom prestupne godine.

Sideralni solarni kalendari

Ako se položaj Zemlje računa u odnosu na položaj nepokretnih zvezda, onda datumi ukazuju na zodijačko sazvežđe blizu kojeg se nalazi Sunce. Takav kalendar se naziva sideralni solarni kalendar.

Srednja kalendarska godina takvog kalendara aproksimira sideralnu godinu.

Hindu kalendar i Bengalski kalendar su sideralni solarni kalendari. I oni obično imaju godinu od 365 dana i povremeno dodaju jedan dan u prestupnoj godini.

Nesolarni kalendari

Od kalendara koji nisu solarni, imamo islamski kalendar koji je čisto lunarni kalendar, kao i kalendare koji su sinhronizovani sa sinodičkim periodom Venere ili sa helijakalnim izlascima zvezda.

Lunisolarni kalendari

Lunisolarne kalendare možemo smatrati za solarne kalendare, mada njihovi datumi ukazuju još i na mesečeve mene. Pošto tipični lunisolarni kalendar ima godinu sastavljenu od celog broja lunarnih meseci, on ne može ukazati na položaj Zemlje na orbiti oko Sunca tako dobro kao čisto solarni kalendar.

Vidi još

• Analemski kalendar

Literatura

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Spoljašnje veze

• Mediji vezani za članak Solarni kalendar na Vikimedijinoj ostavi
• Correspondence between Hebrew and Islamic calendars, months and holidays (pdf)
• Solar Position Algorithm, at National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Renewable Resource Data Center website.
• Sun Position Calculator, at An interactive calculator showing the Sun's path in the sky.
• NOAA Solar Calculator, at the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory's Global Monitoring Division website.
• NOAA's declination and sun position calculator
• HORIZONS System, at the JPL Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (4. april 2014) website. Very accurate positions of Solar System objects based on the JPL DE series ephemerides.
• General ephemerides of the solar system bodies, at the IMCCE website. Positions of Solar System objects based on the INPOP series ephemerides.