Fokus (optika)
Fokus ili žiža je mesto u kome se seku zraci koji se kreću paralelno optičkoj osi ogledala i sočiva.[2] Fokusna tačka i fokusna dužina[3][4][5][6] zavise od vrste sočiva.
Žižna daljina je karakteristična veličina jednog sočiva dok se nalazi u jednoj sredini, npr. vazduhu[7]. Sočivo potopljeno u vodu, koja je optički gušća od vazduha, za posledicu ima da se žižna daljina menja.
Pod pretpostavkom da je sočivo stalno u vazduhu, onda je žižna daljina karakteristična veličina koja je konstanta za sočivo.
Ukoliko je žižna daljina sočiva manja, onda je sočivo optički jače.[8] Pošto su sočiva od prevashodnog značaja za optičke instrumente, jer bez njih nema formiranja likova datih predmeta, uvek je važno znati njihove žižne daljine. Otuda su metode za eksperimentalno određivanje žižne daljine brojne i različite.
Za brzo određivanje žižne daljine u laboratoriji za fiziku koristi se najčešće metod merenja daljine lika i predmeta od sočiva, kada su u pitanju sabirna sočiva.[9][10][11] Za rasipna sočiva potrebno je napraviti kombinaciju jednog sabirnog i jednog rasipnog sočiva koje je optički slabije od prvog. U suprotnom, ne može se dobiti realan lik na zaklonu. Merenja se inače vrše na tzv. optičkoj klupi. Jednačina za tanka sabirna sočiva koja daje vezu između žižne daljine sočiva, rastojanja predmeta i lika od sočiva glasi:
1/f=1/p+1/l
Gde je recipročna vrednost žižne daljine (f) jednaka je zbiru recipročnih vrednosti rastojanja predmeta (p) i lika od sočiva (l).
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ Keay L, Friedman DS (2011). „Correcting refractive error in low income countries (editorial)” (PDF). BMJ. 343: d4793. PMID 21828208. S2CID 220113341. doi:10.1136/bmj.d4793.
- ^ „Standard Microscopy Terminology”. University of Minnesota Characterization Facility website. Arhivirano iz originala 2008-03-02. g. Pristupljeno 2006-04-21.
- ^ John E. Greivenkamp (2004). Field Guide to Geometrical Optics. SPIE Press. str. 6—9. ISBN 978-0-8194-5294-8.
- ^ Hecht, Eugene (2002). Optics (4th izd.). Addison Wesley. str. 168. ISBN 978-0805385663.
- ^ Simpson, Michael J. (2023). „Focal length, EFL, and the eye”. Applied Optics. 62 (7): 1853. PMID 37132938. doi:10.1364/AO.481805.
- ^ Simpson, Michael J. (2022). „Nodal points and the eye”. Applied Optics. 61 (10): 2797. PMID 35471355. doi:10.1364/AO.455464.
- ^ Prof Dr Živojin Tešić - Enciklopedijski leksikon - Fizika 1972
- ^ Greivenkamp, John E. (2004). Field Guide to Geometrical Optics. SPIE Field Guides vol. FG01. SPIE. str. 7. ISBN 0-8194-5294-7.
- ^ Nave, Carl R. „Thin Lens Equation”. Hyperphysics. Georgia State University. Pristupljeno 17. 3. 2015.
- ^ Colwell, Catharine H. „Resource Lesson: Thin Lens Equation”. PhysicsLab.org. Pristupljeno 17. 3. 2015.
- ^ „The Mathematics of Lenses”. The Physics Classroom. Pristupljeno 17. 3. 2015.
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Hecht, Eugene (1987). Optics
(2nd izd.). Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-11609-0. Chapters 5 & 6. - Hecht, Eugene (2002). Optics (4th izd.). Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-18878-6.
- Greivenkamp, John E. (2004). Field Guide to Geometrical Optics. SPIE Field Guides vol. FG01. SPIE. ISBN 978-0-8194-5294-8.
- Born, Max; Wolf, Emil (2002). Principles of Optics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-64340-5.
- Hecht, Eugene (2002). Optics (4 izd.). Addison-Wesley Longman, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-8053-8566-3.
- Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. (2004). Physics for scientists and engineers (6, illustrated izd.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole. ISBN 978-0-534-40842-8.
- Tipler, Paul A.; Mosca, Gene (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Electricity, Magnetism, Light, and Elementary Modern Physics. 2. W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-0810-0.
- Lipson, Stephen G.; Lipson, Henry; Tannhauser, David Stefan (1995). Optical Physics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43631-1.
- Fowles, Grant R. (1975). Introduction to Modern Optics. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-65957-2.
- Brians, Paul (2003). Common Errors in English. Franklin, Beedle & Associates. str. 125. ISBN 978-1-887902-89-2. Pristupljeno 28. 6. 2009.
- Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 1995. str. 368. ISBN 978-0-87779-914-6.
- „Lens or Lense – Which is Correct?”. writingexplained.org. 2017-04-30.
- Sines, George; Sakellarakis, Yannis A. (1987). „Lenses in antiquity”. American Journal of Archaeology. 91 (2): 191—196. JSTOR 505216. S2CID 191384703. doi:10.2307/505216.
- Whitehouse, David (1. 7. 1999). „World's oldest telescope?”. BBC News. Pristupljeno 10. 5. 2008.
- „The Nimrud lens/The Layard lens”. Collection database. The British Museum. Pristupljeno 25. 11. 2012.
- D. Brewster (1852). „On an account of a rock-crystal lens and decomposed glass found in Niniveh”. Die Fortschritte der Physik (na jeziku: nemački). Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. str. 355.
- Kriss, Timothy C.; Kriss, Vesna Martich (april 1998). „History of the Operating Microscope: From Magnifying Glass to Microneurosurgery”. Neurosurgery. 42 (4): 899—907. PMID 9574655. doi:10.1097/00006123-199804000-00116.
- Robert Alfred Herman (1900) A Treatise on Geometrical optics from Archive.org.
- "The Light of the Eyes and the Enlightened Landscape of Vision" is a manuscript, in Arabic, about geometrical optics, dating from the 16th century.
- Theory of Systems of Rays – W.R. Hamilton in Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. XV, 1828.
- H. Bruns, "Das Eikonal"
- M. Malus, "Optique"
- J. Plucker, "Discussion of the general form for light waves"
- E. Kummer, "General theory of rectilinear ray systems"
- E. Kummer, presentation on optically-realizable rectilinear ray systems
- R. Meibauer, "Theory of rectilinear systems of light rays"
- M. Pasch, "On the focal surfaces of ray systems and the singularity surfaces of complexes"
- A. Levistal, "Research in geometrical optics"
- F. Klein, "On the Bruns eikonal"
- R. Dontot, "On integral invariants and some points of geometrical optics"
- T. de Donder, "On the integral invariants of optics"
- Tilton, Buck (2005). The Complete Book of Fire: Building Campfires for Warmth, Light, Cooking, and Survival. Menasha Ridge Press. ISBN 978-0-89732-633-9.
- Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Faith Wallis (2005). Medieval science, technology, and medicine: an encyclopedia. Routledge. str. 167. ISBN 978-0-415-96930-7.
- King, Henry C. (2003). The History of the Telescope. Courier Dover Publications. str. 1. ISBN 978-0-486-43265-6. Pristupljeno 6. 6. 2012.
- Agutter, Paul S.; Wheatley, Denys N. (2008). Thinking about Life: The History and Philosophy of Biology and Other Sciences. Springer. str. 17. ISBN 978-1-4020-8865-0. Pristupljeno 6. 6. 2012.
- Ilardi, Vincent (2007). Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-259-7.
- Watson, Fred (2007). Stargazer: The Life and Times of the Telescope. Allen & Unwin. str. 55. ISBN 978-1-74175-383-7. Pristupljeno 6. 6. 2012.
- Ptolemy (1996). A. Mark Smith, ur. Ptolemy's theory of visual perception: an English translation of the Optics with introduction and commentary. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87169-862-9.
- Euclid (1999). Kheirandish, Elaheh, ur. Arapska verzija Euklidove optike = Kitāb Uqlīdis fī ikhtilāf al-manāẓir. "Springer", New York. ISBN 978-0-387-98523-7.
- Uttal, William R. (1983). Visual Form Detection in 3-Dimensional Space. Psychology Press. str. 25. ISBN 978-0-89859-289-4.
- Heath, T. L. (2003). A manual of greek mathematics. Courier Dover Publications. str. 181—182. ISBN 978-0-486-43231-1.
- Hoad, T. F. (1996). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. ISBN 978-0-19-283098-2.
- Howard, Ian P.; Rogers, Brian J. (1995). Binocular Vision and Stereopsis. Oxford University Press. str. 7. ISBN 978-0-19-508476-4.
- Hatfield, G. (1996). „Was the Scientific Revolution Really a Revolution in Science?”. Ur.: F. J. Ragep; P. Sally; S. J. Livesey. Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of Two Conferences on Pre-modern Science held at the University of Oklahoma. Brill Publishers. str. 500. ISBN 978-90-04-10119-7.
- Hogendijk, Jan P.; Sabra, Abdelhamid I., ur. (2003). The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives. Štamparija MIT-a. str. 85–118. ISBN 978-0-262-19482-2. OCLC 50252039.
- Thomas, C. „Monoyer, Ferdinand”. La médecine à Nancy depuis 1872 (na jeziku: francuski). Pristupljeno 2011-04-26.
- Colenbrander, August. „Measuring Vision and Vision Loss” (PDF). Smith-Kettlewell Institute. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2014-12-04. g. Pristupljeno 2009-07-10.
- Hecht, Eugene; Alfred, Zając (1987). Optics (2nd izd.). Reading, Mass: Addison–Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-11609-0. OCLC 13761389.
Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]
- A chapter from an online textbook on refraction and lenses Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (17. decembar 2009)
- Thin Spherical Lenses (.pdf) on Project PHYSNET.
- Lens article at digitalartform.com
- Article on Ancient Egyptian lenses
- FDTD Animation of Electromagnetic Propagation through Convex Lens (on- and off-axis) Video na sajtu YouTube
- The Use of Magnifying Lenses in the Classical World
- Henker, Otto (1911). „Lens”. Encyclopædia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski). 16 (11 izd.). str. 421—427. (with 21 diagrams)
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