Ectoganus

Ectoganus; Vremenski raspon: 57.8–50.5 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N kasni paleocen do rani eocen
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Infraklasa:	Placentalia
Red:	†Taeniodonta
Natporodica:	†Stylinodontoidea
Porodica:	†Stylinodontidae
Potporodica:	†Stylinodontinae
Pleme:	†Ectoganini; Cope, 1876
Rod:	†Ectoganus; Cope, 1874
Tipska vrsta
	†Ectoganus gliriformis; Cope, 1874
Vrste
	†Ectoganus bighornensis; †Ectoganus copei; †Ectoganus gliriformis; †Ectoganus lobdelli;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi roda: Calamodon (Cope, 1874) ; Conicodon (Cope, 1894) ; Dryptodon (Marsh, 1876) ; Lampadophorus (Patterson, 1949) ; sinonimi vrste: E. bighornensis: Ectoganus copei bighornensis (Schoch, 1981) ; ; E. copei: Ectoganus copei copei (Schoch, 1981) ; ; E. gliriformis: Calamodon arcamaenus (Cope, 1874) ; Calamodon arcamnaeus (Wortman, 1897) ; Calamodon arcamoenus (Cope, 1874) ; Calamodon novomehicanus (Cope, 1874) ; Calamodon simplex (Cope, 1874) ; Conicodon simplex (Cope, 1894) ; Dryptodon crassus (Marsh, 1876) ; Ectoganus gliriformis gliriformis (Schoch, 1981) ; Ectoganus novomehicanus (Cope, 1877) ; Ectoganus simplex (Guthrie, 1967) ; ; E. lobdelli: Ectoganus gliriformis lobdelli (Schoch, 1981) ; Lampadophorus expectatus (Patterson, 1949) ; Lampadophorus lobdelli (Patterson, 1949) ; Psittacotherium lobdelli (Simpson, 1929) ; ;

Ectoganus (Ektoganus — „vanjski sjaj”) je izumrli rod placentalnih sisara iz izumrlog plemena Ectoganini unutar izumrle potporodice Stylinodontinae i izumrle porodice Stylinodontidae, koji je u periodu od kasnog paleocena do ranog eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Etimologija naziva

Pleme:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Ectoganini	tipskog roda Ectoganus i taksonomskog nastavka -ini	vanjski sjaj

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Ectoganus	starogrčke riječi ektos (stgrč. ἐκτός), koja znači vanjsko i starogrčke riječi ganos (stgrč. γάνος), koja znači sjaj	vanjski sjaj^[13]

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
E. bighornensis	roda Ectoganus i basenu Bighorn u Vajomingu (gdje se nalazi fosilni lokalitet na kom su pronađeni fosilni ostaci ove vrste)	Ektoganus iz basena Bighorn
E. copei	roda Ectoganus i prezimena američkog paleontologa Edvarda Drinker Koupa	koupov Ektoganus
E. gliriformis	roda Ectoganus latinske riječi glires (lat. glires), koja znači puh i latinske riječi forma (lat. forma), što znači oblik	Ektoganus sličan puhu
E. lobdelli	roda Ectoganus i prezimena prinalazača fosilni ostataka ove vrste J. F. Lobdela	lobdelov Ektoganus

Opis

Vrsta Ectoganus gliriformis je dostizala dužinu od 112,5 do 130 cm i težinu od 35,6 do 109 kg, dok je vrsta Ectoganus copei bila duga oko 90 cm u težila je od 18,2 do 36,4 kg.^[9] Lobanja vrste Ectoganus gliriformis je dostizala dužinu od 25 do 29 cm, dok je kod vrste Ectoganus copei bila duga 20 cm^[9] i zapremina mozga u lobanji kod ove vrste je iznosila 42 ml.^[14]

zubi vrste Ectoganus bighornensis

dio donje vilice vrste Ectoganus copei

ilustracija glave vrste
Ectoganus gliriformis

lobanja vrste Ectoganus gliriformis

djelovi dva očnjaka vrste Ectoganus lobdelli

Sistematika

Klasifikacija

Pleme: †Ectoganini (Cope, 1876)
Rod: †*Ectoganus* (Cope, 1874)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†E. bighornensis (Schoch, 1981)^[15]	SAD (Vajoming)^[16]^[17]^[18]	54,9 do 54,7 mil. god.
†E. copei (Schoch, 1981)	SAD (Vajoming)	55,8 do 55,4 mil. god.
†E. gliriformis (Cope, 1874)^[19]	SAD (Vajoming,^[20] Južna Karolina,^[21] Merilend^[22] i Novi Meksiko^[9])	56,2 do 50,5 mil. god.
†E. lobdelli (Simpson, 1929)^[23]	SAD (Vajoming,^[17]^[18] Južna Karolina,^[24] Kolorado^[25] i Montana)	57,8 do 54,7 mil. god.

Filogenija

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Ectoganus.^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]

Placentalia

Atlantogenata

Boreoeutheria

†Palaeoryctida

†Ambilestes

†Procerberidae

†Alveugena

†Taeniodonta

†Schowalteria

	†Conoryctidae

	†Onychodectidae

†Stylinodontoidea

†Stylinodontidae

†Wortmaniinae

†Stylinodontinae

†Psittacotheriini

†Stylinodontini

†Ectoganini

†Ectoganus

	†Ectoganus bighornensis

	†Ectoganus copei

	†Ectoganus gliriformis

	†Ectoganus lobdelli

Vremenska rasprostranjenst roda Ectoganus unutar porodice Stylinodontidae

Vidi još

Reference

^ Cope, E. D. (1876.) "On the Taeniodonta, a new group of Eocene mammals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Philadelphia 28:39.
^ J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."
^ E. D. Cope (1894.) "Schlosser on American Eocene Vertebrata in Switzerland." Am. Nat. 28: 585-94.
^ Othniel C. Marsh (1876.) "Notice of new Tertiary mammals, V." The American Journal of Science, Series 3 12: 401--404
^ Patterson, B. (1949.) "A new genus of taeniodonts from the late Paleocene." Fieldiana, Geol., 10: 41-42.
^ Wortman, J. L. (1897.) "The Ganodonta and their relationship to the Edentata." Bulletin of the AMNH; vol. 9, article 6
^ E. D. Cope (1877.) "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874." Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
^ Daniel A. Guthrie (1967.) "The mammalian fauna of the Lysite Member, Wind River Formation (early Eocene) of Wyoming." Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 5:1-53
^ ^a ^b ^v ^g Schoch, Robert M. (1986.) "Systematics, functional morphology and macroevolution of the extinct mammalian order Taeniodonta." Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, (42).
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ S. G. Lucas, R. M. Schoch, and T. E. Williamson (1998.) "Taeniodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages
^ James G. Napoli; Thomas E. Williamson; Sarah L. Shelley; Stephen L. Brusatte (2018). „A Digital Endocranial Cast of the Early Paleocene (Puercan) 'Archaic' Mammal Onychodectes tisonensis (Eutheria: Taeniodonta)”. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 25 (2): 179—195. PMC 5938319 . PMID 29755252. doi:10.1007/s10914-017-9381-1.
^ Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.
^ Schoch R. M. "An endocranial cast of Ectoganus, an early Tertiary taeniodont." J Mammal. 1983;64(1):180–183.
^ R. M. Schoch (1981.) "Taxonomy and Biostratigraphy of the Early Tertiary Taeniodonta (Mammalia: Eutheria)" The Geological Society of America Bulletin, Part 2, v. 92
^ K. D. Rose (1981) "The Clarkforkian Land-Mammal Age and Mammalian Faunal Composition Across the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 26:1-197
^ ^a ^b P. D. Gingerich (1989) "New earliest Wasatchian mammalian fauna from the Eocene of northwestern Wyoming: composition and diversity in a rarely sampled high-floodplain assemblage." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 28:1-97
^ ^a ^b K. D. Rose, A. E. Chew, R. H. Dunn, M. J. Kraus, H. C. Fricke and S. P. Zack (2012) "Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 36:1-122
^ Cope, Edward D. (1874). „Notes on the Eocene and Pliocene Lacustrine Formations of New Mexico, Including Descriptions of Certain New Species of Vertebrates”. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1874. Appendix FF.
^ D. M. Schankler (1980.) "Faunal Zonation of the Willwood Formation in the Central Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 24:99-114
^ R. M. Schoch (1998.) "Late Paleocene land-mammals from the Williamsburg Formation (Black Mingo Group) of South Carolina." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 88(4):229-245
^ K. D. Rose (2000.) "Land-mammals from the Late Paleocene Aquia Formation: The first early Cenozoic mammals from Maryland." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 113(4):855-863
^ G. G. Simpson (1929.) "Third contribution to the Fort Union fauna at Bear Creek, Montana." American Museum Novitates 345
^ R. M. Schoch (1985.) "Preliminary description of a new late Paleocene land-mammal fauna from South Carolina, U.S.A." Postilla 196:1-13
^ A. J. Kihm (1984) "Early Eocene Mammalian Fauna of the Piceance Creek Basin, Northwestern Colorado." Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Boulder: The University of Colorado.
^ J. J. Eberle (1999.) „"Bridging the transition between didelphodonts and taeniodonts."”. Journal of Paleontology. 73 (5): 936—944.
^ Deborah L. Rook, John P. Hunter, Dean A. Pearson, Antoine Bercovici (2010.) „"Lower Jaw of the Early Paleocene Mammal Alveugena and its Interpretation as a Transitional Fossil"”. Journal of Paleontology. 84 (6): 1217—1225.
^ Rook, Deborah L.; Paul Hunter, John (2011). „Phylogeny of the Taeniodonta: Evidence from Dental Characters and Stratigraphy”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (2): 422—427. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31..422R. S2CID 83801989. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.550364.
^ Rook, D. L.; Hunter, J. P. (2013). „Rooting Around the Eutherian Family Tree: the Origin and Relations of the Taeniodonta”. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 21: 1—17. S2CID 17074668. doi:10.1007/s10914-013-9230-9.
^ Williamson, T. E.; Brusatte, S. L. (2013). Viriot, Laurent, ur. „New Specimens of the Rare Taeniodont Wortmania (Mammalia: Eutheria) from the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Comments on the Phylogeny and Functional Morphology of "Archaic" Mammals”. PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e75886. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875886W. PMC 3786969 . PMID 24098738. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075886 .
^ Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022). „Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction”. Science. 376 (6588): 80—85. Bibcode:2022Sci...376...80B. doi:10.1126/science.abl5584.
^ Kynigopoulou, Zoi; Brusatte, Stephen; Fraser, Nicholas; Wood, Rachel; Williamson, Tom; Shelley, Steve (2023). Phylogeny, evolution, and anatomy of Taeniodonta (Mammalia: Eutheria) and implications for the mammalian evolution after the Cretaceous-Palaeogene mass extinction (Teza). University Of Edinburgh. doi:10.7488/ERA/3414. hdl:1842/40653.

Literatura

E. D. Cope (1882.) "The characters of the Taeniodonta." The American Naturalist 16:72
O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
O. P. Hay (1930.) "Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Carnegie Institution Publications, Washington, 390(II):1-1074
C. L. Gazin (1936.) "Fossil hares from the late Pliocene of southern Idaho." Proceedings of the United States National Museum 83:111-121
M. C. McKenna (1963.) "Primitive Paleocene and Eocene Apatemyidae (Mammalia, Insectivora) and the primate-insectivore boundary." American Museum Novitates 2160

[1] Cope, E. D. (1876.) "On the Taeniodonta, a new group of Eocene mammals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Philadelphia 28:39.

[2] J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."

[3] E. D. Cope (1894.) "Schlosser on American Eocene Vertebrata in Switzerland." Am. Nat. 28: 585-94.

[4] Othniel C. Marsh (1876.) "Notice of new Tertiary mammals, V." The American Journal of Science, Series 3 12: 401--404

[5] Patterson, B. (1949.) "A new genus of taeniodonts from the late Paleocene." Fieldiana, Geol., 10: 41-42.

[6] Wortman, J. L. (1897.) "The Ganodonta and their relationship to the Edentata." Bulletin of the AMNH; vol. 9, article 6

[7] E. D. Cope (1877.) "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874." Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

[8] Daniel A. Guthrie (1967.) "The mammalian fauna of the Lysite Member, Wind River Formation (early Eocene) of Wyoming." Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 5:1-53

[Schoch1986-9] v ^g Schoch, Robert M. (1986.) "Systematics, functional morphology and macroevolution of the extinct mammalian order Taeniodonta." Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, (42).

[McKenna_&_Bell-10] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[Lucas1998-11] S. G. Lucas, R. M. Schoch, and T. E. Williamson (1998.) "Taeniodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages

[12] James G. Napoli; Thomas E. Williamson; Sarah L. Shelley; Stephen L. Brusatte (2018). „A Digital Endocranial Cast of the Early Paleocene (Puercan) 'Archaic' Mammal Onychodectes tisonensis (Eutheria: Taeniodonta)”. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 25 (2): 179—195. PMC 5938319 . PMID 29755252. doi:10.1007/s10914-017-9381-1.

[13] Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.

[14] Schoch R. M. "An endocranial cast of Ectoganus, an early Tertiary taeniodont." J Mammal. 1983;64(1):180–183.

[15] R. M. Schoch (1981.) "Taxonomy and Biostratigraphy of the Early Tertiary Taeniodonta (Mammalia: Eutheria)" The Geological Society of America Bulletin, Part 2, v. 92

[Rose1981-16] K. D. Rose (1981) "The Clarkforkian Land-Mammal Age and Mammalian Faunal Composition Across the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 26:1-197

[Gingerich1989-17] P. D. Gingerich (1989) "New earliest Wasatchian mammalian fauna from the Eocene of northwestern Wyoming: composition and diversity in a rarely sampled high-floodplain assemblage." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 28:1-97

[Rose2012-18] K. D. Rose, A. E. Chew, R. H. Dunn, M. J. Kraus, H. C. Fricke and S. P. Zack (2012) "Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 36:1-122

[19] Cope, Edward D. (1874). „Notes on the Eocene and Pliocene Lacustrine Formations of New Mexico, Including Descriptions of Certain New Species of Vertebrates”. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1874. Appendix FF.

[20] D. M. Schankler (1980.) "Faunal Zonation of the Willwood Formation in the Central Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 24:99-114

[21] R. M. Schoch (1998.) "Late Paleocene land-mammals from the Williamsburg Formation (Black Mingo Group) of South Carolina." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 88(4):229-245

[22] K. D. Rose (2000.) "Land-mammals from the Late Paleocene Aquia Formation: The first early Cenozoic mammals from Maryland." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 113(4):855-863

[23] G. G. Simpson (1929.) "Third contribution to the Fort Union fauna at Bear Creek, Montana." American Museum Novitates 345

[24] R. M. Schoch (1985.) "Preliminary description of a new late Paleocene land-mammal fauna from South Carolina, U.S.A." Postilla 196:1-13

[25] A. J. Kihm (1984) "Early Eocene Mammalian Fauna of the Piceance Creek Basin, Northwestern Colorado." Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Boulder: The University of Colorado.

[Eberle1999-26] J. J. Eberle (1999.) „"Bridging the transition between didelphodonts and taeniodonts."”. Journal of Paleontology. 73 (5): 936—944.

[Rook2010-27] Deborah L. Rook, John P. Hunter, Dean A. Pearson, Antoine Bercovici (2010.) „"Lower Jaw of the Early Paleocene Mammal Alveugena and its Interpretation as a Transitional Fossil"”. Journal of Paleontology. 84 (6): 1217—1225.

[Rook2011-28] Rook, Deborah L.; Paul Hunter, John (2011). „Phylogeny of the Taeniodonta: Evidence from Dental Characters and Stratigraphy”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (2): 422—427. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31..422R. S2CID 83801989. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.550364.

[Rook2013-29] Rook, D. L.; Hunter, J. P. (2013). „Rooting Around the Eutherian Family Tree: the Origin and Relations of the Taeniodonta”. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 21: 1—17. S2CID 17074668. doi:10.1007/s10914-013-9230-9.

[Williamson2013-30] Williamson, T. E.; Brusatte, S. L. (2013). Viriot, Laurent, ur. „New Specimens of the Rare Taeniodont Wortmania (Mammalia: Eutheria) from the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Comments on the Phylogeny and Functional Morphology of "Archaic" Mammals”. PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e75886. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875886W. PMC 3786969 . PMID 24098738. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075886 .

[Bertrand2022-31] Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022). „Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction”. Science. 376 (6588): 80—85. Bibcode:2022Sci...376...80B. doi:10.1126/science.abl5584.

[Zoi2023-32] Kynigopoulou, Zoi; Brusatte, Stephen; Fraser, Nicholas; Wood, Rachel; Williamson, Tom; Shelley, Steve (2023). Phylogeny, evolution, and anatomy of Taeniodonta (Mammalia: Eutheria) and implications for the mammalian evolution after the Cretaceous-Palaeogene mass extinction (Teza). University Of Edinburgh. doi:10.7488/ERA/3414. hdl:1842/40653.

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