Snimanje i reprodukcija zvuka

Frenses Densmor snima blekfutskog Planinskog poglavicu na cilindarskom fonografu za Biro američke etnologija (1916)

Snimanje i reprodukcija zvuka je električni, mehanički, elektronski ili digitalni zapis i ponovno stvaranje zvučnih talasa, kao što su govorni glas, pevanje, instrumentalna muzika ili zvučni efekti. Dve glavne klase tehnologije za snimanje zvuka su analogno snimanje i digitalno snimanje.

Akustično analogno snimanje postiže se mikrofonskom dijafragmom koja registruje promene atmosferskog pritiska izazvane akustičkim zvučnim talasima i beleži ih kao mehanički prikaz zvučnih talasa na medijumu poput fonografskog snimka (u kojem igla useca brazde na snimku). Kod snimanja magnetnom trakom zvučni talasi vibriraju dijafragmu mikrofona i pretvaraju se u promenljivu električnu struju, koja se elektromagnetom pretvara u promenljivo magnetno polje, što omogućava prikaz zvuka kao magnetizovanih područja na plastičnoj traci sa magnetnim premazom na sebi. Analogna reprodukcija zvuka je obrnuti proces, sa većom membranom zvučnika koja uzrokuje promene atmosferskog pritiska radi formiranja akustičnih zvučnih talasa.

Digitalno snimanje i reprodukcija pretvara analogni zvučni signal koji mikrofon prihvata u digitalni oblik procesom uzorkovanja. Ovo omogućava da se audio podaci sačuvaju i prenose putem širokog spektra medija. Digitalno snimanje čuva audio kao niz binarnih brojeva (nula i jedinica) koji predstavljaju uzorke amplitude audio signala u jednakim vremenskim intervalima, sa dovoljnom brzinom uzorkovanja da se prenesu svi zvukovi koji se mogu čuti. Digitalni audio signal mora biti pretvoren u analogni oblik tokom reprodukcije pre nego što se pojača i poveže sa zvučnikom za proizvodnju zvuka.

Pre razvoja zvučnih zapisa, postojali su mehanički sistemi, poput muzičkih kutija na navijanje i kasnije, automatskih klavirski svirači, za kodiranje i reprodukciju instrumentalne muzike.

Rana istorija

Mehaničke orgulje, 1650

Takođe pogledajte: Istorija snimanja zvuka

Dugo pre nego što je zvuk prvi put snimljen, muzika je snimana — prvo pisanim notnim zapisom, zatim i mehaničkim uređajima (npr. muzičke kutije na navijanje, u kojima mehanizam okreće vreteno, koje okida metalne zupce, čime se reprodukuje melodija). Automatska reprodukcija muzike seže u 9. vek, kada su braća Banu Musa izmislila najraniji poznati mehanički muzički instrument, u ovom slučaju, orgulje na hidropogon (na vodeni pogon) koje su svirale zamenljivim cilindrima. Prema Čarlsu B. Fauleru, ovaj „...cilindar sa podignutim iglicama na površini ostao je osnovni uređaj za mehaničku proizvodnju i reprodukciju muzike sve do druge polovine devetnaestog veka“. Braća Banu Musa takođe su izmislila automatski svirač flaute, koji je bio prva programabilna mašina.

Rezbarije u kapeli Roslin iz 1560-ih mogu predstavljati rani pokušaj da se snime Hladnijevi obrasci proizvedeni zvukom u kamenim prikazima, iako ova teorija nije pouzdano dokazana.

Sajamske orgulje, razvijene 1892. godine, koristile su sistem presavijenih harmonika bušenih kartonskih knjiga. Mehanički piano, koji je prvi put demonstriran 1876. godine, koristio je svitak od bušenog papira koji je mogao da čuva dugačko muzičko delo. Najsofisticiranije rolne za klavir bile su „ručno svirane“, što znači da su bile duplikati master rolne koja je napravljena na specijalnom klaviru, koji je bušio rupe na masteru dok je izvođač uživo svirao pesmu. Dakle, rolna je predstavljala snimak stvarnog nastupa pojedinca, a ne samo češći metod bušenja master rolne kroz transkripciju notnog zapisa. Ova tehnologija za snimanje živog nastupa na klavirsku rolnu nije razvijena sve do 1904. Klavirske rolne su bile u kontinuiranoj masovnoj proizvodnji od 1896. do 2008. godine. U predmetu Vrhovnog suda SAD iz 1908. godine navedeno je da je samo 1902. bilo proizvedeno između 70.000 i 75.000 mehaničkih klavira i između 1.000.000 i 1.500.000 rolni za klavir.

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Spoljašnje veze

• Audio Engineering Society
• Oral history of recorded sound Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (20. јануар 2012) Interviews with practitioners in all areas of the recording industry. British Library
• History of Recorded Sound. New York Public Library
• Noise in the Groove – A podcast about the history of the phonograph, gramophone, and sound recording/reproduction.
• Audio Engineering online course Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (21. новембар 2008) under Creative Commons Licence
• Archival Sound Recordings Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (17. мај 2014) – tens of thousands of recordings showcasing audio history from 19th century wax cylinders to the present day. British Library
• International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives (IASA)
• Recorded Music at A History of Central Florida Podcast
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