Drozdovi
(преусмерено са Thrush (bird))
| Drozdi | |
|---|---|
.jpg)
| |
| Psophocichla litsitsirupa | |
| |
| Planinski drozd | |
Naučna klasifikacija 
| |
| Domen: | Eukaryota |
| Carstvo: | Animalia |
| Tip: | Chordata |
| Klasa: | Aves |
| Red: | Passeriformes |
| Podred: | Passeri |
| Porodica: | Turdidae Rafinesque, 1815 |
| Rodovi | |
|
21, pogledajte tekst | |
Drozdovi (lat. Turdidae) su porodica ptica koja pripada redu vrapčarki (Passeriformes).[1][2] Nalaze se na svim kontinentima osim na Antarktiku. U Evropi živi 14 vrsta. Nastanjuju šumovita područja. Najčešće su sive ili smeđe boje, a krila su srednje veličine i obojena su jarkim bojama. Rep ima dvanaest pera. Veliki su 14,5 – 33 cm, a teški 21-178 g. Većina vrsta jako lepo peva. U Srbiji se pojavljuju ko retki gosti,koji dolaze iz udaljenih krajeva, ponekad iz najistočnijih delova Sibira.[3]
Razmnožavanje
[уреди | уреди извор]Drozdovi su monogamni, ali se pare i sa drugim jednikama ako se ukaže prilika. Gnezdo najčešće prave od sitnih grančica. Staništa gnezda najčešće su drveća, grmovi i špilje. U gnezdu se nalazi 2-5 jaja. Mladi se izlegu slepi, bez perja i ne mogu da lete[4]. Oba roditelja pomažu u podizanju mladih.[5]Nakon 14-16 dana inkubacije mladi se izlegu, a tri nedelje kasnije sposobni su za letenje. Par nedelja nakon izleganja počinje mitarenje, tako da su spremni za zimski period.[6]
Prehrambene navike i rasprostranjivanje semena
[уреди | уреди извор]Drozdovi jedu raznoliku i lako dostupnu hranu. Većinom jedu gliste, larve, tvrdokrilce i druge insekte. Neki drozdovi jedu velike količine voća i raznih semena. Potom probave neoštećene semenke, pomoću čega se rasprostranjuju neke biljke. Ove ptice rasprostranjuju seme imele na drugi način. Seme im se zalepi za perje, pa dođu na neko drvo da ga očiste. Seme pada na granu i nakon nekog vremena naraste nova imela.
Status zaštite
[уреди | уреди извор]| Kritično ugroženi | 7 vrsta |
| Ugroženi | 5 vrsta |
| Osetljivi | 18 vrsta |
| Najmanja zabrinutost | 22 vrste |
| Nedovoljno podataka | 3 vrste |
| Izumrli | 3 vrste |
Većina od oko 300 vrsta drozdova koje pripadaju 54 roda su sigurne i zaštićene.
Taksonomija
[уреди | уреди извор]Rodovi
[уреди | уреди извор]- Cassinia Hartlaub, 1860
- Cataponera Hartert, 1896
- Catharus Bonaparte, 1850
- Chlamydochaera Sharpe, 1887
- Cichlopsis Cabanis, 1850
- Cochoa Hodgson, 1836
- Entomodestes Stejneger, 1883
- Geokichla Müller, 1835
- Geomalia Stresemann, 1931
- Grandala Hodgson, 1843
- Hylocichla Baird, 1864
- Ixoreus Bonaparte, 1854
- Myadestes Swainson, 1838
- Neocossyphus Fischer & Reichenow, 1884
- Phaeornis Sclater, 1859
- Psophocichla Cabanis, 1860
- Ridgwayia Stejneger, 1883
- Sialia Swainson, 1827
- Stizorhina Oberholser, 1899
- Turdus Linnaeus, 1758
- Zoothera Vigors, 1832
Vrste
[уреди | уреди извор]- Alethe castanea (Cassin, 1856)
- Alethe diademata (Bonaparte, 1850)
- Cataponera turdoides Hartert, 1896
- Catharus aurantiirostris (Hartlaub, 1850)
- Catharus bicknelli (Ridgway, 1882)
- Catharus dryas (Gould, 1855)
- Catharus frantzii Cabanis, 1861
- Catharus fuscater (Lafresnaye, 1845)
- Catharus fuscescens (Stephens, 1817)
- Catharus gracilirostris Salvin, 1865
- Catharus guttatus (Pallas, 1811)
- Catharus mexicanus (Bonaparte, 1856)
- Catharus minimus (Lafresnaye, 1848)
- Catharus occidentalis P. L. Sclater, 1859
- Catharus ustulatus (Nuttall, 1840)
- Chlamydochaera jefferyi Sharpe, 1887
- Cichlopsis leucogenys Cabanis, 1850
- Cochoa azurea (Temminck, 1824)
- Cochoa beccarii Salvadori, 1879
- Cochoa purpurea Hodgson, 1836
- Cochoa viridis Hodgson, 1836
- Entomodestes coracinus (Berlepsch, 1897)
- Entomodestes leucotis (Tschudi, 1844)
- Geokichla camaronensis (Sharpe, 1905)
- Geokichla cinerea (Bourns & Worcester, 1894)
- Geokichla citrina (Latham, 1790)
- Geokichla crossleyi (Sharpe, 1871)
- Geokichla dohertyi (Hartert, 1896)
- Geokichla dumasi (Rothschild, 1899)
- Geokichla erythronota (P. L. Sclater, 1859)
- Geokichla gurneyi (Hartlaub, 1864)
- Geokichla guttata (Vigors, 1831)
- Geokichla interpres (Temminck, 1828)
- Geokichla joiceyi (Rothschild & Hartert, 1921)
- Geokichla leucolaema (Salvadori, 1892)
- Geokichla mendeni (Neumann, 1939)
- Geokichla oberlaenderi (Sassi, 1914)
- Geokichla peronii (Vieillot, 1818)
- Geokichla piaggiae (Bouvier, 1877)
- Geokichla princei (Sharpe, 1874)
- Geokichla schistacea (A. B. Meyer, 1884)
- Geokichla sibirica (Pallas, 1776)
- Geokichla spiloptera (Blyth, 1847)
- Geokichla wardii (Blyth, 1843)
- Geomalia heinrichi Stresemann, 1931
- Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin, 1789)
- Ixoreus naevius (Gmelin, 1789)
- Myadestes coloratus Nelson, 1912
- Myadestes elisabeth (Lembeye, 1850)
- Myadestes genibarbis Swainson, 1838
- Myadestes lanaiensis (S. B. Wilson, 1891)
- Myadestes melanops Salvin, 1865
- Myadestes myadestinus (Stejneger, 1887)
- Myadestes obscurus (Gmelin, 1789)
- Myadestes occidentalis Stejneger, 1882
- Myadestes palmeri (Rothschild, 1893)
- Myadestes ralloides (Orbigny, 1840)
- Myadestes townsendi (Audubon, 1838)
- Myadestes unicolor P. L. Sclater, 1857
- Neocossyphus poensis (Strickland, 1844)
- Neocossyphus rufus (Fischer & Reichenow, 1884)
- Nesocichla eremita Gould, 1855
- Pseudalethe choloensis (W. L. Sclater, 1927)
- Pseudalethe fuelleborni (Reichenow, 1900)
- Pseudalethe poliocephala (Bonaparte, 1850)
- Pseudalethe poliophrys (Sharpe, 1902)
- Psophocichla litsitsirupa (A. Smith, 1836)
- Ridgwayia pinicola (P. L. Sclater, 1859)
- Sialia currucoides (Bechstein, 1798)
- Sialia mexicana Swainson, 1832
- Sialia sialis (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Stizorhina finschi (Sharpe, 1870)
- Stizorhina fraseri (Strickland, 1844)
- Turdus abyssinicus Gmelin, 1789
- Turdus albicollis Vieillot, 1818
- Turdus albocinctus Royle, 1840
- Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, 1850
- Turdus assimilis Cabanis, 1850
- Turdus atrogularis Jarocki, 1819
- Turdus aurantius Gmelin, 1789
- Turdus bewsheri E. Newton, 1877
- Turdus boulboul (Latham, 1790)
- Turdus cardis Temminck, 1831
- Turdus celaenops Stejneger, 1887
- Turdus chiguanco Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837
- Turdus chrysolaus Temminck, 1832
- Turdus daguae Berlepsch, 1897
- Turdus dissimilis Blyth, 1847
- Turdus eunomus Temminck, 1831
- Turdus falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard, 1824
- Turdus feae (Salvadori, 1887)
- Turdus flavipes Vieillot, 1818
- Turdus fulviventris P. L. Sclater, 1858
- Turdus fumigatus Lichtenstein, 1823
- Turdus fuscater Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837
- Turdus grayi Bonaparte, 1838
- Turdus haplochrous Todd, 1931
- Turdus hauxwelli Lawrence, 1869
- Turdus helleri (Mearns, 1913)
- Turdus hortulorum P. L. Sclater, 1863
- Turdus ignobilis P. L. Sclater, 1858
- Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, 1758
- Turdus infuscatus (Lafresnaye, 1844)
- Turdus jamaicensis Gmelin, 1789
- Turdus kessleri (Prjevalsky, 1876)
- Turdus lawrencii Coues, 1880
- Turdus leucomelas Vieillot, 1818
- Turdus leucops Taczanowski, 1877
- Turdus lherminieri Lafresnaye, 1844
- Turdus libonyana (A. Smith, 1836)
- Turdus ludoviciae (Lort Phillips, 1895)
- Turdus maculirostris Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884
- Turdus maranonicus Taczanowski, 1880
- Turdus maximus (Seebohm, 1881)
- Turdus menachensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1913
- Turdus merula Linnaeus, 1758
- Turdus migratorius Linnaeus, 1766
- Turdus mupinensis Laubmann, 1920
- Turdus naumanni Temminck, 1820
- Turdus nigrescens Cabanis, 1861
- Turdus nigriceps Cabanis, 1874
- Turdus nudigenis Lafresnaye, 1848
- Turdus obscurus Gmelin, 1789
- Turdus obsoletus Lawrence, 1862
- Turdus olivaceofuscus Hartlaub, 1852
- Turdus olivaceus Linnaeus, 1766
- Turdus olivater (Lafresnaye, 1848)
- Turdus pallidus Gmelin, 1789
- Turdus pelios Bonaparte, 1850
- Turdus philomelos C. L. Brehm, 1831
- Turdus pilaris Linnaeus, 1758
- Turdus plebejus Cabanis, 1861
- Turdus plumbeus Linnaeus, 1758
- Turdus poliocephalus Latham, 1802
- Turdus ravidus (Cory, 1886)
- Turdus reevei Lawrence, 1869
- Turdus roehli Reichenow, 1905
- Turdus rubrocanus J. E. Gray & G. R. Gray, 1847
- Turdus ruficollis Pallas, 1776
- Turdus rufitorques Hartlaub, 1844
- Turdus rufiventris Vieillot, 1818
- Turdus rufopalliatus Lafresnaye, 1840
- Turdus sanchezorum O'Neill, Lane & Naka, 2011
- Turdus serranus Tschudi, 1844
- Turdus simillimus Jerdon, 1839
- Turdus smithi Bonaparte, 1850
- Turdus subalaris (Seebohm, 1887)
- Turdus swalesi (Wetmore, 1927)
- Turdus tephronotus Cabanis, 1878
- Turdus torquatus Linnaeus, 1758
- Turdus unicolor Tickell, 1833
- Turdus viscivorus Linnaeus, 1758
- Turdus xanthorhynchus Salvadori, 1901
- Zoothera andromedae (Temminck, 1826)
- Zoothera aurea (Holandre, 1825)
- Zoothera dauma (Latham, 1790)
- Zoothera dixoni (Seebohm, 1881)
- Zoothera everetti (Sharpe, 1892)
- Zoothera heinei (Cabanis, 1850)
- Zoothera imbricata E. L. Layard, 1854
- Zoothera lunulata (Latham, 1802)
- Zoothera machiki (H. O. Forbes, 1884)
- Zoothera major (Ogawa, 1905)
- Zoothera margaretae (Mayr, 1935)
- Zoothera marginata Blyth, 1847
- Zoothera mollissima (Blyth, 1842)
- Zoothera monticola Vigors, 1832
- Zoothera neilgherriensis (Blyth, 1847)
- Zoothera talaseae (Rothschild & Hartert, 1926)
- Zoothera terrestris (Kittlitz, 1830)
- Zoothera turipavae A. J. Cain & I. C. J. Galbraith, 1955
Podvrste
[уреди | уреди извор]- Alethe castanea castanea (Cassin, 1856)
- Alethe castanea woosnami Ogilvie-Grant, 1906
- Cataponera turdoides abditiva Riley, 1918
- Cataponera turdoides heinrichi Stresemann, 1938
- Cataponera turdoides tenebrosa Stresemann, 1938
- Cataponera turdoides turdoides Hartert, 1896
- Catharus aurantiirostris aenopennis R. T. Moore, 1937
- Catharus aurantiirostris aurantiirostris (Hartlaub, 1850)
- Catharus aurantiirostris bangsi Dickey & Van Rossem, 1925
- Catharus aurantiirostris barbaritoi Aveledo & Gines, 1952
- Catharus aurantiirostris birchalli Seebohm, 1881
- Catharus aurantiirostris clarus Jouy, 1894
- Catharus aurantiirostris costaricensis Hellmayr, 1902
- Catharus aurantiirostris griseiceps Salvin, 1866
- Catharus aurantiirostris inornatus Zimmer, 1944
- Catharus aurantiirostris insignis Zimmer, 1944
- Catharus aurantiirostris melpomene (Cabanis, 1850)
- Catharus aurantiirostris phaeopleurus P. L. Sclater & Salvin, 1876
- Catharus aurantiirostris russatus Griscom, 1924
- Catharus aurantiirostris sierrae Hellmayr, 1919
- Catharus dryas blakei Olrog, 1973
- Catharus dryas dryas (Gould, 1855)
- Catharus dryas ecuadoreanus Carriker, 1935
- Catharus dryas harrisoni A. R. Phillips & Rook, 1965
- Catharus dryas maculatus (P. L. Sclater, 1858)
- Catharus dryas ovandensis Brodkorb, 1938
- Catharus frantzii alticola Salvin & Godman, 1879
- Catharus frantzii chiapensis A. R. Phillips, 1969
- Catharus frantzii frantzii Cabanis, 1861
- Catharus frantzii juancitonis Stone, 1931
- Catharus frantzii nelsoni A. R. Phillips, 1969
- Catharus frantzii omiltemensis Ridgway, 1905
- Catharus frantzii waldroni A. R. Phillips, 1969
- Catharus frantzii wetmorei A. R. Phillips, 1969
- Catharus fuscater caniceps Chapman, 1924
- Catharus fuscater fuscater (Lafresnaye, 1845)
- Catharus fuscater hellmayri Berlepsch, 1902
- Catharus fuscater mentalis P. L. Sclater & Salvin, 1876
- Catharus fuscater mirabilis Nelson, 1912
- Catharus fuscater opertaneus Wetmore, 1955
- Catharus fuscater sanctaemartae Ridgway, 1904
- Catharus fuscescens fuliginosus (Howe, 1900)
- Catharus fuscescens fuscescens (Stephens, 1817)
- Catharus fuscescens salicicola (Ridgway, 1882)
- Catharus fuscescens subpallidus (Burleigh & Duvall, 1959)
- Catharus gracilirostris accentor Bangs, 1902
- Catharus gracilirostris gracilirostris Salvin, 1865
- Catharus guttatus auduboni (S. F. Baird, 1864)
- Catharus guttatus faxoni (Bangs & T. E. Penard, 1921)
- Catharus guttatus guttatus (Pallas, 1811)
- Catharus guttatus jewetti A. R. Phillips, 1962
- Catharus guttatus munroi A. R. Phillips, 1962
- Catharus guttatus nanus (Audubon, 1839)
- Catharus guttatus polionotus (Grinnell, 1918)
- Catharus guttatus sequoiensis (Belding, 1889)
- Catharus guttatus slevini (Grinnell, 1901)
- Catharus mexicanus cantator Griscom, 1930
- Catharus mexicanus carrikeri A. R. Phillips, 1991
- Catharus mexicanus mexicanus (Bonaparte, 1856)
- Catharus mexicanus yaegeri A. R. Phillips, 1991
- Catharus minimus aliciae (S. F. Baird, 1858)
- Catharus minimus minimus (Lafresnaye, 1848)
- Catharus occidentalis fulvescens Nelson, 1897
- Catharus occidentalis lambi A. R. Phillips, 1969
- Catharus occidentalis occidentalis P. L. Sclater, 1859
- Catharus occidentalis olivascens Nelson, 1899
- Catharus ustulatus appalachiensis Ramos, 1991
- Catharus ustulatus incanus (Godfrey, 1952)
- Catharus ustulatus oedicus (Oberholser, 1899)
- Catharus ustulatus phillipsi Ramos, 1991
- Catharus ustulatus swainsoni (Tschudi, 1845)
- Catharus ustulatus ustulatus (Nuttall, 1840)
- Cichlopsis leucogenys chubbi Chapman, 1924
- Cichlopsis leucogenys gularis Salvin & Godman, 1882
- Cichlopsis leucogenys leucogenys Cabanis, 1850
- Cichlopsis leucogenys peruviana Hellmayr, 1930
- Geokichla camaronensis camaronensis (Sharpe, 1905)
- Geokichla camaronensis graueri (Sassi, 1914)
- Geokichla camaronensis kibalensis (Prigogine, 1978)
- Geokichla citrina albogularis (Blyth, 1847)
- Geokichla citrina andamanensis (Walden, 1874)
- Geokichla citrina aurata (Sharpe, 1888)
- Geokichla citrina aurimacula (Hartert, 1910)
- Geokichla citrina citrina (Latham, 1790)
- Geokichla citrina courtoisi (Hartert, 1919)
- Geokichla citrina cyanota (Jardine & Selby, 1828)
- Geokichla citrina gibsonhilli Deignan, 1950
- Geokichla citrina innotata (Blyth, 1846)
- Geokichla citrina melli (Stresemann, 1923)
- Geokichla citrina rubecula (Gould, 1836)
- Geokichla crossleyi crossleyi (Sharpe, 1871)
- Geokichla crossleyi pilettei (Schouteden, 1918)
- Geokichla erythronota erythronota (P. L. Sclater, 1859)
- Geokichla erythronota kabaena (Robinson-Dean, Willmott, Catterall, Kelly, Whittington, Phalan, Marples & Boeadi, 2002)
- Geokichla gurneyi chuka (Someren, 1931)
- Geokichla gurneyi disruptans (Clancey, 1955)
- Geokichla gurneyi gurneyi (Hartlaub, 1864)
- Geokichla gurneyi otomitra (Reichenow, 1904)
- Geokichla gurneyi raineyi (Mearns, 1913)
- Geokichla guttata belcheri (Benson, 1950)
- Geokichla guttata fischeri (Hellmayr, 1901)
- Geokichla guttata guttata (Vigors, 1831)
- Geokichla guttata lippensi (Prigogine & Louette, 1984)
- Geokichla guttata maxis (G. Nikolaus, 1982)
- Geokichla peronii audacis (Hartert, 1899)
- Geokichla peronii peronii (Vieillot, 1818)
- Geokichla piaggiae hadii Macdonald, 1940
- Geokichla piaggiae kilimensis (Neumann, 1900)
- Geokichla piaggiae piaggiae (Bouvier, 1877)
- Geokichla piaggiae rowei Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1937
- Geokichla piaggiae ruwenzorii Prigogine, 1984
- Geokichla piaggiae tanganjicae (Sassi, 1914)
- Geokichla princei batesi (Sharpe, 1905)
- Geokichla princei princei (Sharpe, 1874)
- Geokichla sibirica davisoni (Hume, 1877)
- Geokichla sibirica sibirica (Pallas, 1776)
- Ixoreus naevius carlottae (A. R. Phillips, 1991)
- Ixoreus naevius godfreii (A. R. Phillips, 1991)
- Ixoreus naevius meruloides (Swainson, 1832)
- Ixoreus naevius naevius (Gmelin, 1789)
- Myadestes elisabeth elisabeth (Lembeye, 1850)
- Myadestes elisabeth retrusus Bangs & Zappey, 1905
- Myadestes genibarbis dominicanus Stejneger, 1882
- Myadestes genibarbis genibarbis Swainson, 1838
- Myadestes genibarbis montanus Cory, 1881
- Myadestes genibarbis sanctaeluciae Stejneger, 1882
- Myadestes genibarbis sibilans Lawrence, 1878
- Myadestes genibarbis solitarius S. F. Baird, 1866
- Myadestes lanaiensis lanaiensis (S. B. Wilson, 1891)
- Myadestes lanaiensis rutha (Bryan, 1908)
- Myadestes lanaiensis woahensis (A. Bloxam, 1899)
- Myadestes occidentalis insularis Stejneger, 1882
- Myadestes occidentalis oberholseri Dickey & Van Rossem, 1925
- Myadestes occidentalis occidentalis Stejneger, 1882
- Myadestes ralloides candelae Meyer de Schauensee, 1947
- Myadestes ralloides plumbeiceps Hellmayr, 1921
- Myadestes ralloides ralloides (Orbigny, 1840)
- Myadestes ralloides venezuelensis P. L. Sclater, 1856
- Myadestes townsendi calophonus R. T. Moore, 1937
- Myadestes townsendi townsendi (Audubon, 1838)
- Myadestes unicolor pallens W. Miller & Griscom, 1925
- Myadestes unicolor unicolor P. L. Sclater, 1857
- Neocossyphus poensis poensis (Strickland, 1844)
- Neocossyphus poensis praepectoralis Jackson, 1906
- Neocossyphus rufus gabunensis Neumann, 1908
- Neocossyphus rufus rufus (Fischer & Reichenow, 1884)
- Nesocichla eremita eremita Gould, 1855
- Nesocichla eremita gordoni Stenhouse, 1924
- Nesocichla eremita procax H. F. I. Elliott, 1954
- Pseudalethe choloensis choloensis (W. L. Sclater, 1927)
- Pseudalethe choloensis namuli (Vincent, 1933)
- Pseudalethe poliocephala akeleyae (Dearborn, 1909)
- Pseudalethe poliocephala carruthersi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1906)
- Pseudalethe poliocephala compsonota (Cassin, 1859)
- Pseudalethe poliocephala giloensis (Cunningham-van Someren & Schifter, 1981)
- Pseudalethe poliocephala hallae (Traylor, 1961)
- Pseudalethe poliocephala kungwensis (Moreau, 1941)
- Pseudalethe poliocephala poliocephala (Bonaparte, 1850)
- Pseudalethe poliocephala ufipae (Moreau, 1942)
- Pseudalethe poliocephala vandeweghei (Prigogine, 1984)
- Pseudalethe poliophrys kaboboensis (Prigogine, 1957)
- Pseudalethe poliophrys poliophrys (Sharpe, 1902)
- Psophocichla litsitsirupa litsitsirupa (A. Smith, 1836)
- Psophocichla litsitsirupa pauciguttata (Clancey, 1956)
- Psophocichla litsitsirupa simensis (Rüppell, 1837)
- Psophocichla litsitsirupa stierlingi (Reichenow, 1900)
- Ridgwayia pinicola maternalis (A. R. Phillips, 1991)
- Ridgwayia pinicola pinicola (P. L. Sclater, 1859)
- Sialia mexicana amabilis R. T. Moore, 1939
- Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway, 1894
- Sialia mexicana jacoti A. R. Phillips, 1991
- Sialia mexicana mexicana Swainson, 1832
- Sialia mexicana nelsoni A. R. Phillips, 1991
- Sialia mexicana occidentalis J. K. Townsend, 1837
- Sialia sialis bermudensis A. H. Verrill, 1901
- Sialia sialis caribaea T. R. Howell, 1965
- Sialia sialis fulva Brewster, 1885
- Sialia sialis grata Bangs, 1898
- Sialia sialis guatemalae Ridgway, 1882
- Sialia sialis meridionalis Dickey & Van Rossem, 1930
- Sialia sialis nidificans A. R. Phillips, 1991
- Sialia sialis sialis (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Stizorhina fraseri fraseri (Strickland, 1844)
- Stizorhina fraseri rubicunda (Hartlaub, 1860)
- Stizorhina fraseri vulpina Reichenow, 1902
- Turdus abyssinicus abyssinicus Gmelin, 1789
- Turdus abyssinicus bambusicola Neumann, 1908
- Turdus abyssinicus baraka (Sharpe, 1903)
- Turdus abyssinicus deckeni Cabanis, 1868
- Turdus abyssinicus milanjensis Shelley, 1893
- Turdus abyssinicus nyikae Reichenow, 1904
- Turdus abyssinicus oldeani W. L. Sclater & Moreau, 1935
- Turdus albicollis albicollis Vieillot, 1818
- Turdus albicollis contemptus Hellmayr, 1902
- Turdus albicollis crotopezus Lichtenstein, 1823
- Turdus albicollis paraguayensis (Chubb, 1910)
- Turdus albicollis phaeopygoides Seebohm, 1881
- Turdus albicollis phaeopygus Cabanis, 1848
- Turdus albicollis spodiolaemus Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896
- Turdus assimilis assimilis Cabanis, 1850
- Turdus assimilis atrotinctus W. Miller & Griscom, 1925
- Turdus assimilis benti A. R. Phillips, 1991
- Turdus assimilis calliphthongus R. T. Moore, 1937
- Turdus assimilis campanicola A. R. Phillips, 1991
- Turdus assimilis cnephosus (Bangs, 1902)
- Turdus assimilis coibensis Eisenmann, 1950
- Turdus assimilis croizati A. R. Phillips, 1991
- Turdus assimilis hondurensis A. R. Phillips, 1991
- Turdus assimilis leucauchen P. L. Sclater, 1859
- Turdus assimilis lygrus Oberholser, 1921
- Turdus assimilis rubicundus (Dearborn, 1907)
- Turdus assimilis suttoni A. R. Phillips, 1991
- Turdus bewsheri bewsheri E. Newton, 1877
- Turdus bewsheri comorensis Milne-Edwards & Oustalet, 1885
- Turdus bewsheri moheliensis Benson, 1960
- Turdus chiguanco anthracinus Burmeister, 1858
- Turdus chiguanco chiguanco Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837
- Turdus chiguanco conradi Salvadori & Festa, 1899
- Turdus falcklandii falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard, 1824
- Turdus falcklandii magellanicus King, 1831
- Turdus flavipes flavipes Vieillot, 1818
- Turdus flavipes melanopleurus (Sharpe, 1900)
- Turdus flavipes polionotus (Sharpe, 1900)
- Turdus flavipes venezuelensis (Sharpe, 1900)
- Turdus flavipes xanthoscelus Jardine, 1847
- Turdus fumigatus aquilonalis (Cherrie, 1909)
- Turdus fumigatus bondi Deignan, 1951
- Turdus fumigatus fumigatus Lichtenstein, 1823
- Turdus fumigatus orinocensis Zimmer & W. H. Phelps, 1955
- Turdus fumigatus personus (Barbour, 1911)
- Turdus fuscater cacozelus (Bangs, 1898)
- Turdus fuscater clarus Phelps & W. H. Phelps Jr, 1953
- Turdus fuscater fuscater Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837
- Turdus fuscater gigantodes Cabanis, 1873
- Turdus fuscater gigas Fraser, 1841
- Turdus fuscater ockendeni Hellmayr, 1906
- Turdus fuscater quindio Chapman, 1925
- Turdus grayi casius (Bonaparte, 1855)
- Turdus grayi grayi Bonaparte, 1838
- Turdus grayi lanyoni Dickerman, 1981
- Turdus grayi linnaei A. R. Phillips, 1966
- Turdus grayi megas W. Miller & Griscom, 1925
- Turdus grayi microrhynchus Lowery & R. J. Newman, 1949
- Turdus grayi tamaulipensis (Nelson, 1897)
- Turdus grayi yucatanensis A. R. Phillips, 1991
- Turdus ignobilis arthuri (Chubb, 1914)
- Turdus ignobilis debilis Hellmayr, 1902
- Turdus ignobilis goodfellowi Hartert & Hellmayr, 1901
- Turdus ignobilis ignobilis P. L. Sclater, 1858
- Turdus ignobilis murinus Salvin, 1885
- Turdus iliacus coburni Sharpe, 1901
- Turdus iliacus iliacus Linnaeus, 1758
- Turdus leucomelas albiventer Spix, 1824
- Turdus leucomelas cautor Wetmore, 1946
- Turdus leucomelas leucomelas Vieillot, 1818
- Turdus lherminieri dominicensis (Lawrence, 1880)
- Turdus lherminieri lherminieri Lafresnaye, 1844
- Turdus lherminieri montserrati Zuccon, 2011
- Turdus lherminieri sanctaeluciae (P. L. Sclater, 1880)
- Turdus libonyana libonyana (A. Smith, 1836)
- Turdus libonyana peripheris Clancey, 1952
- Turdus libonyana tropicalis W. Peters, 1881
- Turdus libonyana verreauxii Bocage, 1869
- Turdus merula aterrimus (Madarász, 1903)
- Turdus merula azorensis Hartert, 1905
- Turdus merula cabrerae Hartert, 1901
- Turdus merula intermedius (Richmond, 1896)
- Turdus merula mandarinus Bonaparte, 1850
- Turdus merula mauritanicus Hartert, 1902
- Turdus merula merula Linnaeus, 1758
- Turdus merula sowerbyi Deignan, 1951
- Turdus merula syriacus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833
- Turdus migratorius achrusterus (Batchelder, 1900)
- Turdus migratorius caurinus (Grinnell, 1909)
- Turdus migratorius confinis S. F. Baird, 1864
- Turdus migratorius migratorius Linnaeus, 1766
- Turdus migratorius nigrideus Aldrich & Nutt, 1939
- Turdus migratorius phillipsi Bangs, 1915
- Turdus migratorius propinquus Ridgway, 1877
- Turdus nudigenis extimus Todd, 1931
- Turdus nudigenis nudigenis Lafresnaye, 1848
- Turdus obsoletus colombianus Hartert & Hellmayr, 1901
- Turdus obsoletus obsoletus Lawrence, 1862
- Turdus obsoletus parambanus Hartert, 1920
- Turdus olivaceus culminans Clancey, 1982
- Turdus olivaceus olivaceus Linnaeus, 1766
- Turdus olivaceus pondoensis Reichenow, 1917
- Turdus olivaceus swynnertoni Bannerman, 1913
- Turdus olivaceus transvaalensis (Roberts, 1936)
- Turdus olivater caucae (Chapman, 1914)
- Turdus olivater duidae Chapman, 1929
- Turdus olivater kemptoni W. H. Phelps & W. H. Phelps Jr, 1955
- Turdus olivater olivater (Lafresnaye, 1848)
- Turdus olivater paraquensis W. H. Phelps & W. H. Phelps Jr, 1946
- Turdus olivater ptaritepui W. H. Phelps & W. H. Phelps Jr, 1946
- Turdus olivater roraimae Salvin & Godman, 1884
- Turdus olivater sanctaemartae (Todd, 1913)
- Turdus pelios bocagei (Cabanis, 1882)
- Turdus pelios centralis Reichenow, 1905
- Turdus pelios chiguancoides Seebohm, 1881
- Turdus pelios graueri Neumann, 1908
- Turdus pelios nigrilorum Reichenow, 1892
- Turdus pelios pelios Bonaparte, 1850
- Turdus pelios poensis Alexander, 1903
- Turdus pelios saturatus (Cabanis, 1882)
- Turdus pelios stormsi Hartlaub, 1886
- Turdus philomelos clarkei Hartert, 1909
- Turdus philomelos hebridensis W. E. Clarke, 1913
- Turdus philomelos nataliae Buturlin, 1929
- Turdus philomelos philomelos C. L. Brehm, 1831
- Turdus plebejus differens (Nelson, 1901)
- Turdus plebejus plebejus Cabanis, 1861
- Turdus plebejus rafaelensis W. Miller & Griscom, 1925
- Turdus plumbeus albiventris (P. L. Sclater, 1889)
- Turdus plumbeus ardosiaceus Vieillot, 1822
- Turdus plumbeus coryi (Sharpe, 1902)
- Turdus plumbeus plumbeus Linnaeus, 1758
- Turdus plumbeus rubripes Temminck, 1826
- Turdus plumbeus schistaceus (S. F. Baird, 1864)
- Turdus poliocephalus albifrons (E. P. Ramsay, 1879)
- Turdus poliocephalus becki Mayr, 1941
- Turdus poliocephalus beehleri Ripley, 1977
- Turdus poliocephalus bougainvillei Mayr, 1941
- Turdus poliocephalus canescens (De Vis, 1894)
- Turdus poliocephalus celebensis (Büttikofer, 1893)
- Turdus poliocephalus deningeri Stresemann, 1912
- Turdus poliocephalus efatensis Mayr, 1941
- Turdus poliocephalus erebus Mayr & Gilliard, 1952
- Turdus poliocephalus erythropleurus Sharpe, 1887
- Turdus poliocephalus fumidus S. Muller, 1844
- Turdus poliocephalus hades Mayr, 1941
- Turdus poliocephalus heinrothi Rothschild & Hartert, 1924
- Turdus poliocephalus hygroscopus Stresemann, 1931
- Turdus poliocephalus indrapurae Robinson & Kloss, 1916
- Turdus poliocephalus javanicus Horsfield, 1821
- Turdus poliocephalus katanglad Salomonsen, 1953
- Turdus poliocephalus kelleri (Mearns, 1905)
- Turdus poliocephalus keysseri Mayr, 1931
- Turdus poliocephalus kulambangrae Mayr, 1941
- Turdus poliocephalus layardi (Seebohm, 1891)
- Turdus poliocephalus loeseri Meyer de Schauensee, 1939
- Turdus poliocephalus malekulae Mayr, 1941
- Turdus poliocephalus malindangensis (Mearns, 1907)
- Turdus poliocephalus mareensis E. L. Layard & Tristram, 1879
- Turdus poliocephalus mayonensis (Mearns, 1907)
- Turdus poliocephalus mindorensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1896
- Turdus poliocephalus nigrorum Ogilvie-Grant, 1896
- Turdus poliocephalus niveiceps (Hellmayr, 1919)
- Turdus poliocephalus papuensis (De Vis, 1890)
- Turdus poliocephalus placens Mayr, 1941
- Turdus poliocephalus poliocephalus Latham, 1802
- Turdus poliocephalus pritzbueri E. L. Layard, 1878
- Turdus poliocephalus rennellianus Mayr, 1931
- Turdus poliocephalus ruficeps E. P. Ramsay, 1875
- Turdus poliocephalus samoensis Tristram, 1879
- Turdus poliocephalus schlegelii P. L. Sclater, 1861
- Turdus poliocephalus seebohmi (Sharpe, 1888)
- Turdus poliocephalus sladeni A. J. Cain & I. C. J. Galbraith, 1955
- Turdus poliocephalus sterlingi Mayr, 1944
- Turdus poliocephalus stresemanni Bartels, 1938
- Turdus poliocephalus tempesti E. L. Layard, 1876
- Turdus poliocephalus thomassoni (Seebohm, 1894)
- Turdus poliocephalus tolokiwae Diamond, 1989
- Turdus poliocephalus vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1830
- Turdus poliocephalus versteegi Junge, 1939
- Turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus (Gould, 1855)
- Turdus poliocephalus vitiensis (E. L. Layard, 1876)
- Turdus poliocephalus whiteheadi (Seebohm, 1893)
- Turdus poliocephalus whitneyi Mayr, 1941
- Turdus poliocephalus xanthopus J. R. Forster, 1844
- Turdus rubrocanus gouldii (J. Verreaux, 1870)
- Turdus rubrocanus rubrocanus J. E. Gray & G. R. Gray, 1847
- Turdus rufiventris juensis (Cory, 1916)
- Turdus rufiventris rufiventris Vieillot, 1818
- Turdus rufopalliatus graysoni (Ridgway, 1882)
- Turdus rufopalliatus interior A. R. Phillips, 1991
- Turdus rufopalliatus rufopalliatus Lafresnaye, 1840
- Turdus serranus atrosericeus (Lafresnaye, 1848)
- Turdus serranus cumanensis (Hellmayr, 1919)
- Turdus serranus fuscobrunneus (Chapman, 1912)
- Turdus serranus serranus Tschudi, 1844
- Turdus simillimus bourdilloni (Seebohm, 1881)
- Turdus simillimus kinnisii (Blyth, 1851)
- Turdus simillimus nigropileus (Lafresnaye, 1840)
- Turdus simillimus simillimus Jerdon, 1839
- Turdus swalesi dodae G. R. Graves & Olson, 1986
- Turdus swalesi swalesi (Wetmore, 1927)
- Turdus torquatus alpestris (C. L. Brehm, 1831)
- Turdus torquatus amicorum Hartert, 1923
- Turdus torquatus torquatus Linnaeus, 1758
- Turdus viscivorus bonapartei Cabanis, 1860
- Turdus viscivorus deichleri Erlanger, 1897
- Turdus viscivorus viscivorus Linnaeus, 1758
- Zoothera aurea aurea (Holandre, 1825)
- Zoothera aurea toratugumi (Momiyama, 1940)
- Zoothera dauma dauma (Latham, 1790)
- Zoothera dauma horsfieldi (Bonaparte, 1857)
- Zoothera dauma iriomotensis Nishiumi & Morioka, 2009
- Zoothera heinei choiseuli (Hartert, 1924)
- Zoothera heinei eichhorni (Rothschild & Hartert, 1924)
- Zoothera heinei heinei (Cabanis, 1850)
- Zoothera heinei papuensis (Seebohm, 1881)
- Zoothera lunulata cuneata (De Vis, 1889)
- Zoothera lunulata halmaturina (A. G. Campbell, 1906)
- Zoothera lunulata lunulata (Latham, 1802)
- Zoothera mollissima griseiceps (Delacour, 1930)
- Zoothera mollissima mollissima (Blyth, 1842)
- Zoothera mollissima whiteheadi (E. C. S. Baker, 1913)
- Zoothera monticola atrata Delacour & Greenway, 1939
- Zoothera monticola monticola Vigors, 1832
- Zoothera talaseae atrigena Ripley & Hadden, 1982
- Zoothera talaseae talaseae (Rothschild & Hartert, 1926)
Reference
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés (на језику: French). Palermo: Self-published. стр. 67.
- ^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. стр. 151, 252.
- ^ Кнежевић, Наташа (2015). Птице певачице (Passeriformes) из збирке Природњачког одељења Народног музеја Зрењанин. Зрењанин: Народни музеј Зрењанин. стр. 24. ISBN 978-86-85961-60-1.
- ^ Campbell, B., and E. Lack. A Dictionary of Birds.: Harrell Books, 1985.
- ^ Perrins, C. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph, ур. Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. стр. 186—187. ISBN 978-1-85391-186-6.
- ^ Кнежевић, Наташа (2015). Птице певачице (Passeriformes) из збирке Природњачког одељења Народног музеја Зрењанин. Зрењанин: Народни музеј Зрењанин. стр. 24. ISBN 978-86-85961-60-1.
Spoljašnje veze
[уреди | уреди извор]
- Thrush videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- High-resolution photo gallery of around 100 species.
