Vladimir-Suzdalj

Katedrala Uspeća Presvete Bogorodice u Vladimiru izgrađena je 1158—1160. i bila je glavna crkva u Rusiji u 13. veku

Vladimirska Bogorodica

Vladimir-Suzdalj ili Kneževina Vladimir-Suzdalj, ili Vladimirsko-suzdaljska kneževina, Vladimirsko-Suzdaljska Rusija, ranije poznat kao Velika vladimirska kneževina, Vladimirska Rusija, Velika Kneževina Vladimirska (1157–1331; rus. Великое княжество Владимирское, lat. Volodimeriae), predstavlja veliku kneževinu, koja je nasledila Kijevsku Rusiju krajem 12. veka, a trajala je do kasnog 14. veka. Vremenom je kneževina prerasla u veliko vojvodstvo podeljeno na nekoliko manjih kneževina. Nakon što ju je pokorilo Mongolsko carstvo, kneževina je postala samoupravna država na čelu sa sopstvenim plemstvom. Guvernerstvo kneževine je, međutim, propisalo jarlig (kanova deklaracija) koji je Zlatna horda izdala jednom vladaru Rjurikoviča. Tradicionalno se smatra kolevkom ruskog jezika i nacije i postepeno je evoluirala u Veliku moskovsku kneževinu.

Poreklo

Kneževina je zauzimala veliku oblast na severoistoku Kijevske Rusije. Približne granice su bile na rekama Volgi, Oki i Severnoj Dvini. Glavni grad je bio Rostov, a ostali važni gradovi su bili Suzdalj, Jaroslavlj i Belozjorsk.

Vladimir Monomah je 1093. premestio sedište u Suzdalj. Petnaest godina kasnije on osniva grad Vladimir, 31 kilometar od Suzdalja. Njegov sin Jurij Dolgoruki je premestio prestonicu 1157. u Vladimir. Pošto je plemstvo Rostova i Suzdalja bilo nezadovoljno tim premeštanjem izbija kratki građanski rat.

Sredinom 12. veka južne ruske zemlje su sistematski uništavali turkijski nomadski narodi, pa se stanovništvo seli prema severu. Osnivaju se brojna naselja u dotad šumovitim predelima, poznatim kao Zalesje. Prema legendama i hronikama Jurij Dolgoruki je osnivač brojnih naselja: Moskva, Pereslavlj-Zaleski, Kostroma, Dmitrov, Ugljič i Tver.

Uspon

Andrej Bogoljubski je bio sin Jurija Dugorukog i zaslužan je za uzdizanje Vladimira doo zenita političke moći. Andrej je bio izuzetno sposoban vladar, a prezirao je druge centre moći (kao npr. Kijev). Tako je spalio Kijev 1169. i odbio je da on vlada Kijevom. Postavlja svog brata da vlada Kijevom. Time je Kijev potpuno izgubio nekadašnji značaj, a Vladimir je postao još važniji centar. Andreja Bogoljubova ubijaju plemići 1174.

Posle kratkog razdoblja Andrejev brat Vsevold III dolazi na vlast i isto tako sledi Andrejevu politiku. Ponovo potčinjava Kijev 1203. Glavni Vsevoldovi neprijatelji su bili južna Rjazanjska kneževina i moćna turkijska država Povolška Bugarska. Posle nekoliko pohoda Rjazanj je bio spaljen do zemlje, a Povolška Bugarska je prinuđena da plaća danak.

Posle Vsevoldove smrti dolazi do niza dinastičkih borbi za prevlast. Najstariji sin Konstantin Rostovski je uz pomoć boljaraiz Rostova isterao zakonitog naslednika Vsevoldovog brata Jurija II. Šest godina kasnije Jurij II postaje vladar. Jurij II je bio lukav vladar, koji je pobedio Povolšku Bugarsku, te postavio svog brata Jaroslava u Velikom Novgorodu.

Invazija Mongola

Međutim Mongoli pod Batu-kanom zauzimaju i pale Vladimir 1238. Posle toga Mongoli su nastavili sa uništavanjem i paljenjem ostalih velikih gradova Vladimirsko-Suzdaljske Rusije.

Mongolski jaram

Nijedan od velikih gradova nije se mogao oporaviti od Mongolske invazije. Vladimirsko-suzdaljska kneževina se raspala u 11 malih kneževina. Sve su priznale velikog kneza Vladimira, a velikog kneza je postavljao mongolski kan. Čak je i Aleksandar Nevski morao ići kod kana u Karakorum, da bi bio postavljen kao veliki knez Vladimira.

Do kraja 13. veka samo su tri grada (Moskva, Tver i Nižnji Novgorod) još uvek imali kneževske titule. Njihovi vladari nisu dolazili u Vladimir da vladaju, nego su vladali iz svojih gradova. Kada se mitropolija premestila u Moskvu 1321. postalo je jasno da Velika moskovska kneževina nasleđuje Vladimir-Suzdalj kao glavni centar severoistočne Rusije.

Vidi još

• Kijevska Rusija

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Spoljašnje veze

• History of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in the Grand Soviet Encyclopedia
• Kievan Rus. (2016). Encyclopedia Britannica.