Devojčica
Devojčica (ijek. djevojčica) bilo koje je žensko ljudsko biće od rođenja kroz detinjstvo i adolescenciju do odrastanja, kada postaje žena. Termin takođe može da označava i mladu ženu.[1] Reč je često korišćena kao sinonim za ćerku.[2]
Demografija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Malo više dečaka se rodi nego devojčica (u SAD odnos je oko 105 dečaka rođenih na svakih 100 devojčica),[3] ali postiji manja šansa da devojčice umru nego dečaci, tokom detinjstva, tako da odnos za ispod 15 godina varira između 103 i 108 dečaka na svakih 100 devojčica.[4][5]
U Indiji je do 2011. bilo 91 devojčica mlađih od 6 godina na svakih 100 dečaka. Popis iz 2011. je pokazao[6] da odnos devojčica prema dečacima ispod 6 godina opao čak i tokom prošle decenije, sa 927 devojčica na svakih 1.000 dečaka u 2001. na 918 devojčica na svakih 1000 dečaka u 2011. U Kini naučnici[7] prijavljuju 794 ženske dece na svakih 1.000 muške dece u ruralnim sredinama. U Azerbejdžanu, prema podacima o rođenjima proteklih 20 godina, ispada da su 862 devojčice rođene na svakih 1.000 dečaka, prosečno godišnje.[8] Stiven Mošer, predsednik Instituta za istraživanje populacije u Vašingtonu, rekao je: „Dvadeset pet miliona ljudi u Kini trenutno ne može da nađe supružnika zbog toga što je tamo nedostatak žena [...] mladi ljudi su prinuđeni da emigriraju da pronađu supružnike“. Rodni nebalans u ovim regionima je okrivljen za podsticanje porasta komercijalne trgovine seksom; izveštaj UN-a iz 2005. govori da 800.000 ljudi odvedeno u belo roblje preko granica svake godine, a od toga su čak 80% žene i devojčice.[9]
Naučnici su nejasni i raspravljaju oko mogućih uzroka varijacija ljudskog pola po rođenju.[10][11] Devijacije u odnosu polova po rođenju mogu da budu zbog prirodnih uzroka. Na primer, 2012, evropska država Lihtenštajn je prijavila odnos od 1,26 po rođenju (794 devojčice na svakih 1.000 dečaka).[12]
Biologija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Devojčice razvijaju ženske karakteristike zbog nasleđena dva X hromozoma (XX), jednog od svakog roditelja.[13]
Oko jedne u hiljadu devojčica ima 47,XXX kariotip, a jedna u 2.500 45,X jedan.
Devojčice tipično imaju polni sistem ženski reproduktivni sistem. Neka interpolna deca sa dvostrukim genitalijama, i genetički muška transrodna deca, takođe mogu biti klasifikovana kao devojčice.[14]
Tela devojčica se postepeno menjaju tokom puberteta. Pubertet je proces fizičkih promena kojim detetovo telo zreli u odraslo telo sposobno za polno razmožavanje kako bi obezbedili oplođenje. Iniciran je hormonskim signalima iz mozga prema gonadama. Kao odgovor na signale, gonade proizvode hormone koji stimulišu libido, rast, funkciju i transforamiju mozga, kostiju, mišića, krvi, kože, kose, grudi, i polnih organa. Fizički razvoj—visina i težina ubrazava se u prvoj polovini puberteta i dovršen je kada je dete razvilo odrasli organizam. Do sazrevanja njihovih reproduktivnih sposobnosti, pre-pubertetske, fizičke razlike između dečaka i devojčica su genitalije, penis i vagina. Pubertet je proces koji obično nastupa između 10-16 godina, ali to zavisi od devojčice do devojčice. Glavna orijentir za pubertet devojčica je menarha, početak menstruacije, koji se dešava u proseku između 12-13 godine.[15][16][17][18]
Zdravlje
[uredi | uredi izvor]Zdravlje devojčica pati u kulturama u kojima se devojčice manje cene od dečaka, a porodice najviše sredstava izdvajaju za dečake. Velika pretnja po zdravlje devojčica je rani brak, koji često dovodi do rane trudnoće. Devojke koje su prisiljene na dečji brak često zatrudne brzo nakon udaje, povećavajući rizik od komplikacija i smrtnosti majki. Takve komplikacije koje proizilaze iz trudnoće i porođaja u mladosti su vodeći uzrok smrti među tinejdžerkama u zemljama u razvoju.[19] Sakaćenje ženskih genitalija koje se praktikuje u mnogim delovima sveta je još jedan vodeći uzrok lošeg zdravlja devojčica.[20]
Reference
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- ^ MESLÉ, France; Jacques VALLIN; BADURASHVILI, Irina (2007). A Sharp Increase in Sex Ratio at Birth in the Caucasus. Why? How? (PDF). Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography. str. 73—89. ISBN 978-2-910053-29-1.
- ^ „Human sex ratio”. Liechtenstein, The World Factbook, CIA (2013)
- ^ Ambiguous genitalia retrieved 3 February 2012
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Spoljašnje veze
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