Kazuar

Kazuar; Vremenski raspon: ; rani Pliocen – danas 5–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	australijski kazuar
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Aves
Red:	Casuariiformes
Porodica:	Casuariidae; Kaup, 1847
Rod:	Casuarius; Brisson, 1760
Vrste
	Casuarius bennetti; †Casuarius lydekkeri; Casuarius casuarius; Casuarius unappendiculatus
Sinonimi
	Casoarius Bont.; Cela Oken 1816; Cela Moehr 1752 nomen rejectum; Rhea Lacépède 1800, non Latham 1790; Chelarga Billberg 1828; Oxyporus Brookes 1828; Thrasys Billberg 1828; Cassowara Perry 1811; Hippalectryo Gloger 1842;

Kazuar je rod trkačica koji naseljava tropske šume na Novoj Gvineji, Istočnim Malim Sundima, Molučkim ostrvima i severoistoku Australije.^[3] Postoje tri savremene vrste. Najčešća od njih, australijski kazuar, je treća po visini i druga po težini savremena vrsta ptica, manja jedino od noja i emua.

Kazuari se hrane uglavnom voćem, mada su sve vrste omnivorne i uzimaće i drugu biljnu hranu, poput izdanaka i semena trava, ali i gljive, beskičmenjake i sitne kičmenjake. Kazuari su veoma oprezni u odnosu prema ljudima, ali ako su izazvani, mogu ljudima naneti ozbiljne povrede, uključujući smrtne. Kazuar je često proglašavan najopasnijom pticom na svetu.^[4]

Sistematika i klasifikacija

Rod Casuarius uspostavio je francuski naučnik Matiren Žak Brison 1760. godine.^[5] Tipska vrsta je australijski ili južni kazuar (Casuarius casuarius).^[6] Švedski prirodnjak Karl Line uključio je rod u šesto izdanje svog Prirodnog sistema objavljenog 1748. godine, ali ga je isključio u važnom desetom izdanju iz 1758. godine gde je objedinio kazuara sa nojem i velikim nanduom.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Slika	Naučno ime	Rasprostranjenje
	Casuarius casuarius	južni deo Nove Gvineje, severoistočna Australija i ostrvlje Aru, uglavnom po nizijama ^[3]
	Casuarius bennetti	Nova Gvineja, Nova Britanija i Japen, uglavnom na visoravnima
	Casuarius unappendiculatus	severni i zapadni deo Nove Gvineje i ostrva Japen, uglavnom u nizijama ^[10]
(Izumrli) †	Casuarius lydekkeri	Fosil pleistocena poznat iz Novog Južnog Velsa ^[11] i Nove Gvineje ^[12]

Odnos sa ljudima

Neka društva s novogvinejskih planina i visoravni hvataju mlade kazuare i uzgajaju ih kao polupripitomljenu perad, za upotrebu u ceremonijalnim razmenama darova i kao hranu. ^[13] Oni su jedina autohtona australijska životinja koju su ljudi delimično pripitomili pre dolaska Evropljana. ^[14]

Kazuare prati reputacija da su opasni po ljude i domaće životinje. Tokom Drugog svetskog rata američke i australijske trupe stacionirane u Novoj Gvineji upozoravane su da se čuvaju od kazuara.

Reference

^ Melville, R. V.; Smith, J. D. D., ur. (1987). Official Lists and Indexes of Names and Works in Zoology. ICZN. str. 17.
^ „Part 7- Vertebrates”. Collection of group names. 2007. Arhivirano iz originala 5. 10. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 4. 5. 2016.
^ ^a ^b Clements, J. (2007)
^ Mosbergen, Dominique (14. 4. 2019). „‘World’s Most Dangerous Bird’ Kills 75-Year-Old Owner In Florida”. HuffPost. Pristupljeno 15. 4. 2019.
^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (na jeziku: French i Latin). Volume 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 46, Vol. 5: p. 10, Plate 1 fig 2.
^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, ur. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 1 (2nd izd.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. str. 7.
^ Linnaeus, Carl (1748). Systema Naturae sistens regna tria naturæ, in classes et ordines, genera et species redacta tabulisque aeneis illustrata (na jeziku: Latin) (6th izd.). Stockholmiae (Stockholm): Godofr, Kiesewetteri. str. 16, 27.
^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (na jeziku: Latin). Volume 1 (10th izd.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. str. 155.
^ Allen, J.A. (1910). „Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus”. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317—335. Arhivirano iz originala 19. 09. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 26. 02. 2020.
^ Davies, S. J. J. F. (2002)
^ Miller, Alden H. (19. 6. 1962). „The history and significance of the fossil Casuarius lydekkeri” (PDF). 25 (10). The Australian Museum: 235-238. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.25.1962.662. Pristupljeno 20. 3. 2017.
^ Rich, P. V.; Plane, Michael; Schroeder, Natalie (1988). „A pygmy cassowary (Casuarius lydekkeri) from late Pleistocene bog deposits at Pureni, Papua New Guinea” (PDF). Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics. 10: 377-389.
^ Bulmer, Ralph (mart 1967). „Why is the Cassowary Not a Bird? A Problem of Zoological Taxonomy Among the Karam of the New Guinea Highlands”. Man. 2 (1): 5—25. JSTOR 2798651. doi:10.2307/2798651.
^ Bourke, R. Michael: History of agriculture in Papua New Guinea in Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea, ANU Press, 2009

Litereatura

Borrell, Brendan (oktobar 2008). „Invasion of the Cassowaries”. Smithsonian magazine. Arhivirano iz originala 13. 12. 2012. g.
Brands, Sheila (14. 8. 2008). „Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification – Genus Casuarius”. sn2000.taxonomy.nl. The Taxonomicon. Arhivirano iz originala 05. 10. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 21. 9. 2016.
„The Cassowary Bird”. Buzzle.com. Arhivirano iz originala 15. 3. 2009. g. Pristupljeno 20. 9. 2016.
Clark, Philip (5. 11. 1990). „Stay in Touch”. The Sydney Morning Herald. Cites "authorities" for the death claim.
Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6 izd.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
Crome, F.; Moore, L. (1988). „The cassowary's casque” (PDF). Emu. 88 (2): 123—124. doi:10.1071/MU9880123.
Davies, S. J. J. F. (2002). Ratites and Tinamous. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854996-2.
Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003). „Birds I: Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins”. Ur.: Hutchins, Michael. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 (2nd izd.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. str. 75—77. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
Diamond, J. (mart 1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W.W. Norton & Company. str. 165. ISBN 0-393-03891-2.
Gilliard, E. Thomas (1958) [1958]. „Cassowaries”. Living Birds of the World. New York, NY: Doubleday & Company. str. 23–24.
Gotch, A. F. (1995) [1979]. „Cassowaries”. Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. str. 178—179. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3.
Harmer, S. F.; Shipley, A. F. (1899). The Cambridge Natural History. Macmillan and Co. str. 35–36.
Kofron, Christopher P. (decembar 1999). „Attacks to humans and domestic animals by the southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius johnsonii) in Queensland, Australia”. Journal of Zoology. 249 (4): 375—81. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01206.x.
Kofron, Christopher P. (2003). „Case histories of attacks by the southern cassowary in Queensland”. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 49 (1): 335—8.
Kofron, Christopher P.; Chapman, Angela (2006). „Causes of mortality to the endangered Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuariusjohnsonii in Queensland, Australia”. Pacific Conservation Biology. 12: 175—9. Arhivirano iz originala 16. 11. 2017. g. Pristupljeno 6. 1. 2015.
Mack, A. L.; Jones, J. (2003). „Low-frequency vocalizations by cassowaries (Casuarius spp.)”. The Auk. 120 (4): 1062—68. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[1062:lvbccs]2.0.co;2.
Naish, Darren; Perron, Richard M. (2014). „Structure and function of the cassowary’s casque and its implications for cassowary history, biology and evolution”. Historical Biology. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.985669.
Owen, J. (2003). „Does Rain Forest Bird "Boom" Like a Dinosaur?”. National Geographic News.
Paul, Gregory S. (1988). Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. New York: Simon and Schuster. str. 364, 464.
Perron, Richard M. (2016). Taxonomy of the Genus Casuarius. Quantum Conservation. ISBN 978-3-86523-272-4.
Perron, Richard M. (2011). „The taxonomic status of Casuarius bennetti papuanus and C. b. westermanni”. Bull. B.O.C. 131 (1): 54—58.
Sclater, P. L. (14. 10. 1875). „Cassowaries”. Nature. 12 (311): 516—7. Bibcode:1875Natur..12..516S. doi:10.1038/012516a0.
Underhill, D. (1993). Australia's Dangerous Creatures Reader's Digest. Sydney. ISBN 0-86438-018-6.
Weber, B. L.; Woodrow, I. E. (2004). „Cassowary frugivory, seed defleshing and fruit fly infestation influence the transition from seed to seedling in the rare Australian rainforest tree, Ryparosa sp. nov. 1 (Achariaceae)”. Functional Plant Biology. 31 (5): 505—16. doi:10.1071/FP03214.
Rothschild, Walter (1899). A Monograph of the Genus Casuarius. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, vol. 15, pt. 5, December 1900.

Spoljašnje veze

Images and movies of the southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius)—ARKive
C4 Community for Coastal and Cassowary Conservation—Based in Mission Beach
Video: Cassowary with 3 chicks drinking water at Elantra Resort, Mission Beach
Cassowary videos, photos and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
Ernest Ingersoll (1920). „Cassowary”. Encyclopedia Americana.

[1] Melville, R. V.; Smith, J. D. D., ur. (1987). Official Lists and Indexes of Names and Works in Zoology. ICZN. str. 17.

[2] „Part 7- Vertebrates”. Collection of group names. 2007. Arhivirano iz originala 5. 10. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 4. 5. 2016.

[Clements,_J_(2007)-3] Clements, J. (2007)

[HuffPost_04-2019-4] Mosbergen, Dominique (14. 4. 2019). „‘World’s Most Dangerous Bird’ Kills 75-Year-Old Owner In Florida”. HuffPost. Pristupljeno 15. 4. 2019.

[5] Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (na jeziku: French i Latin). Volume 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 46, Vol. 5: p. 10, Plate 1 fig 2.

[6] Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, ur. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 1 (2nd izd.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. str. 7.

[7] Linnaeus, Carl (1748). Systema Naturae sistens regna tria naturæ, in classes et ordines, genera et species redacta tabulisque aeneis illustrata (na jeziku: Latin) (6th izd.). Stockholmiae (Stockholm): Godofr, Kiesewetteri. str. 16, 27.

[8] Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (na jeziku: Latin). Volume 1 (10th izd.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. str. 155.

[9] Allen, J.A. (1910). „Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus”. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317—335. Arhivirano iz originala 19. 09. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 26. 02. 2020.

[Davies-10] Davies, S. J. J. F. (2002)

[11] Miller, Alden H. (19. 6. 1962). „The history and significance of the fossil Casuarius lydekkeri” (PDF). 25 (10). The Australian Museum: 235-238. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.25.1962.662. Pristupljeno 20. 3. 2017.

[Rich_et_al_1988-12] Rich, P. V.; Plane, Michael; Schroeder, Natalie (1988). „A pygmy cassowary (Casuarius lydekkeri) from late Pleistocene bog deposits at Pureni, Papua New Guinea” (PDF). Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics. 10: 377-389.

[13] Bulmer, Ralph (mart 1967). „Why is the Cassowary Not a Bird? A Problem of Zoological Taxonomy Among the Karam of the New Guinea Highlands”. Man. 2 (1): 5—25. JSTOR 2798651. doi:10.2307/2798651.

[14] Bourke, R. Michael: History of agriculture in Papua New Guinea in Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea, ANU Press, 2009

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