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Kurfirstendam

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Pogled na Kudam

Kurfirstendam (Kurfürstendamm) je jedna od najpoznatijih berlinskih avenija. Ulica je dobila ime po brandenburškim izbornim knezovima (Kurfürst, množina Kurfürsten) Svetog rimskog carstva. Ulica je dugačka 3500 m, a široka 53 m.[1]

Berlin je bio podeljen na istočni i zapadni deo, a Kurfirstendam je postao najznačajnija komercijalna ulica u Berlinu. Početak ulice je kod železničke stanice zoološkog vrta (najveće železničke stanice) blizu ruševina memorijalne crkve Kajzera Vilijama i proteže se kroz Šarlotenburg i Vilmerzdorf.

Lokalni nadimak za ovu ulicu je „Kudam“ (Ku Damm). Ku je reč slična reči „Kuh“ (Kuh) (krava), što znači da je bukvalan prevod nadimka „Kravlja avenija“ na srpskom.

Istorija

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Ime Kurfirsten dam se prvi put pominje između 1767. i 1787. godine.[2]Od 1875. godine ulica je bila ulepšana kao bulevar širine 53 m na ličnu inicijativu kancelara Ota fon Bizmarka, koji je takođe predložio izgradnju kolonije vila Grunevald na njenom zapadnom kraju.[2]

12. septembra 1931. radikalni antisemit, nacista Volf-Hajnrih Graf fon Heldorf organizuje nerede,[3][4][5] kada se oko hiljadu muškaraca se pojavljuje na ulicama i počinje da napada ljude za koje su mislili da su Jevreji, viče na njih, tuče ih, uz antijevrejske pretnje.

Dana 15. jula 1935, oko 200 nacističkih[6] jurišnih trupa krenulo je u sadistički napad,[7][8] u „najbrutalnijoj antijevrejskoj manifestaciji od Hitlerovog dolaska na vlast“[9] na Hitlerov podsticaj,[10] a nacistička štampa koja je okrivila žrtve. Varijan Fri, američki novinar i budući Pravednik među narodima, bio je svedok brutalnosti i bio je inspirisan da postane „vatreni antinacista“.[11] U Drugom svetskom ratu bulevar je pretrpeo ozbiljna oštećenja od vazdušnih napada i bitke za Berlin.[2]

Ipak, nakon što je ratna obnova počela brzo, i kada je Berlin razdvojen na istočni i zapadni Berlin, Kurfirstendam je postala vodeća trgovačka ulica Zapadnog Berlina. I iz tog razloga, turneja Džona F. Kenedija po Zapadnom Berlinu 26. juna 1963. uključivala je deo ulice.[12]

Globalno jedinstveni međunarodni umetnički projekat United Buddy Bears predstavljen je u Berlinu na Kurfirstendamu tokom leta 2011. godine.[13]

Reference

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  1. ^ „Kurfürstendamm”. berlin.de (na jeziku: engleski). State of Berlin. Pristupljeno 20. 10. 2024. 
  2. ^ a b v Stürickow, Regina (2013). „Vom Feldweg zum Boulevard” [From a Field Track to a Boulevard]. Damals (na jeziku: German). sv. 45 br. 1. str. 62—69. 
  3. ^ Dimitrov, G. (1934). The Reichstag Fire Trial: The Second Brown Book of the Hitler Terror. United Kingdom: Bodley. p.214.
  4. ^ TIMES, Special Cable to THE NEW YORK (1931-11-08). „'NAZI' STORM LEADERS SENTENCED FOR RIOTS; Hitler's Legal Aide Defends Men Charged With Attacks on Jews, Denying Participation.”. The New York Times (na jeziku: engleski). ISSN 0362-4331. Pristupljeno 2022-12-30. 
  5. ^ Loberg, Molly (2018-03-29). The Struggle for the Streets of Berlin: Politics, Consumption, and Urban Space, 1914–1945 (na jeziku: engleski). Cambridge University Press. str. 263. ISBN 978-1-108-28486-8. 

    Officers hesitated to make arrests on Kurfürstendamm in 1935 because they had a new boss: Wolf-Heinrich von Helldorf. In his prior role as leader of the Berlin SA, Helldorf had instigated in September 1931 the very same kind of street violence that took place on Kurfürstendamm in July 1935. In 1931, he had faced criminal charges for his actions.
  6. ^ TIMES, Wireless to THE NEW YORK (1935-07-16). „JEWS ARE BEATEN BY BERLIN RIOTERS; CAFES ARE RAIDED; 200 Nazis Swoop Down Upon Capital's 'White Way' Driving Bleeding Men Along Street.”. The New York Times (na jeziku: engleski). ISSN 0362-4331. Pristupljeno 2022-12-28. 
  7. ^ Friedlander, S. (2009). Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933-1945: Abridged Edition. United States: HarperCollins. p. 44.

    From the beginning of 1935 intense anti Jewish incitement had newly surfaced among party radicals.... Jochen Klepper, a deeply religious Protestant writer whose wife was Jewish, wrote in his diary on July 13: "Anti-Semitic excesses on the Kurfürstendamm.... The cleansing of Berlin of Jews threateningly announced." A week later Klepper again wrote of what had happened on the Kurfürstendamm: Jewish women had been struck in the face; Jewish men had behaved courageously. "Nobody came to their help, because everyone is afraid of being arrested."

    [Citing, Klepper, Unter dem Schatten deiner Fluegel: Aus den Tagebuechern der Jahre 1932-1942, (Stuttgart, 1983), p.269].

  8. ^ „EDITOR DESCRIBES RIOTING IN BERLIN; Varian Fry of The Living Age Tells of Seeing Women and Men Beaten and Kicked.”. The New York Times (na jeziku: engleski). 1935-07-17. ISSN 0362-4331. Pristupljeno 2022-12-29. 
  9. ^ Gottlieb, Moshe (1970). „The Berlin Riots of 1935 and Their Repercussions in America”. American Jewish Historical Quarterly. 59 (3): 302—328. ISSN 0002-9068. JSTOR 23877861. 

    On the night of July 15, 1935, about 200 German toughs invaded Berlin's fashionable Kurfürstendamm, seizing, chasing and savagely beating men and women who looked Jewish to them or displeased them by attitude and appearance. The young ruffians were clad in civilian clothes, but from the boots and trousers worn by many, it was clear that they were Nazi Storm Troopers. Howling down their victims with cries of "Out with Jews!" and "Destruction to Jews!", the rowdies freely vented their passion against an unsuspecting defenseless populace. Including some foreigners. Frantic and hurried phone calls made to the police by café proprietors had very little effect because the police appeared most reluctant to prevent the sadistic attack.

    The outbreak was the most brutal anti-Jewish manifestation since Hitler's rise to power.
  10. ^ „Hitler Charged with Instigating Berlin Riots”. Jewish Telegraphic Agency (na jeziku: engleski). 1935-07-18. Pristupljeno 2022-12-28. 
  11. ^ Barry Gewen, "For the American Schindler, Writers and Artists First"
  12. ^ Andreas Daum, Kennedy in Berlin, New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2008, pp. 105‒6, 115 129, 207.
  13. ^ „United Buddy Bears in Berlin 2011”. www.buddy-baer.com (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2023-10-30. 

Spoljašnje veze

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Kurfirstendam na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
Ikona za klice

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