Logička posledica
Logička posledica (takođe povlastica) je fundamentalni koncept u logici koji opisuje odnos između izjava koje su istinite kada jedna izjava logički sledi iz jedne ili više izjava. Valjani logički argument je onaj u kojem zaključak proizilazi iz premisa, jer je zaključak posledica premisa. Filozofska analiza logičke posledice uključuje pitanja: "U kom smislu zaključak sledi iz njegovih premisa?" i "Šta znači da zaključak bude posledica premisa?"[1] Sva filozofska logika ima za cilj da pruži prikaze prirode logičke posledice i prirode logičke istine.[2]
Logička posledica je neophodna i formalna, putem primera koji se objašnjavaju formalnim dokazom i modelima interpretacije.[1] Za rečenicu se kaže da je logička posledica skupa rečenica, za dati jezik, ako i samo ako, koristeći samo logiku (tj. bez obzira na lične interpretacije rečenica), rečenica mora biti istinita ako je svaka rečenica u skupu istinita.[3]
Logičari prave precizne račune o logičkim posledicama u vezi sa datim jezikom , bilo konstruisanjem deduktivnog sistema za ili formalno namenjenom semantikom za jezik . Poljski logičar Alfred Tarski identifikovao je tri karakteristike adekvatne karakterizacije povlastice:
(1) Relacija logičke posledice se oslanja na logičku formu rečenica;
(2) Relacija je a priori, tj. može se odrediti sa ili bez obzira na empirijske dokaze (čulno iskustvo); i
(3) Relacija logičke posledice ima modalnu komponentu.[3]
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ a b Beall, JC and Restall, Greg, Logical Consequence The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
- ^ Quine, Willard Van Orman, Philosophy of Logic.
- ^ a b McKeon, Matthew, Logical Consequence Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Anderson, A.R.; Belnap, N.D. Jr. (1975), Entailment, 1, Princeton, NJ: Princeton.
- Augusto, Luis M. (2017), Logical consequences. Theory and applications: An introduction. London: College Publications. Series: Mathematical logic and foundations.
- Barwise, Jon; Etchemendy, John (2008), Language, Proof and Logic, Stanford: CSLI Publications.
- Brown, Frank Markham (2003), Boolean Reasoning: The Logic of Boolean Equations 1st edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA. 2nd edition, Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, 2003.
- Davis, Martin, ur. (1965), The Undecidable, Basic Papers on Undecidable Propositions, Unsolvable Problems And Computable Functions, New York: Raven Press, ISBN 9780486432281. Papers include those by Gödel, Church, Rosser, Kleene, and Post.
- Dummett, Michael (1991), The Logical Basis of Metaphysics, Harvard University Press, ISBN 9780674537866.
- Edgington, Dorothy (2001), Conditionals, Blackwell in Lou Goble (ed.), The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic.
- Edgington, Dorothy (2006), „Indicative Conditionals”, Conditionals, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University in Edward N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Etchemendy, John (1990), The Concept of Logical Consequence, Harvard University Press.
- Goble, Lou, ur. (2001), The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic, Blackwell.
- Hanson, William H (1997), „The concept of logical consequence”, The Philosophical Review, 106 (3): 365—409, JSTOR 2998398, doi:10.2307/2998398 365–409.
- Hendricks, Vincent F. (2005), Thought 2 Talk: A Crash Course in Reflection and Expression, New York: Automatic Press / VIP, ISBN 978-87-991013-7-5
- Planchette, P. A. (2001), „Logical Consequence”, Ur.: Goble, Lou, The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic, Blackwell
- Quine, W.V. (1982), Methods of Logic, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (1st ed. 1950), (2nd ed. 1959), (3rd ed. 1972), (4th edition, 1982).
- Shapiro, Stewart (2002), „Necessity, meaning, and rationality: the notion of logical consequence”, Ur.: D. Jacquette, A Companion to Philosophical Logic, Blackwell
- Tarski, Alfred (1936), On the concept of logical consequence Reprinted in Tarski, A., 1983. Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. Originally published in Polish and German.
- Ryszard Wójcicki (1988). Theory of Logical Calculi: Basic Theory of Consequence Operations. Springer. ISBN 978-90-277-2785-5.
- A paper on 'implication' from math.niu.edu, Implication Arhivirano 2014-10-21 na sajtu Wayback Machine
- A definition of 'implicant' AllWords
Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Zalta, Edward N. (ur.). „Logical Consequence”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- „Logical consequence”. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Logička posledica na sajtu InPho
- Logička posledica na sajtu PhilPapers
- Hazewinkel, Michiel, ur. (2001) [1994], „Implication”, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4