Hadže Nasirudin Tusi
Hadže Nasirudin Tusi | |
---|---|
Lični podaci | |
Puno ime | Abu Džafar Muhamad ibn Muhamad ibn Hasan Tusi |
Datum rođenja | 18. februar 1201. |
Mesto rođenja | Tus, Veliki Horasan |
Datum smrti | 26. jun 1274.73 god.) ( |
Mesto smrti | Bagdad, Ilkanat |
Religija | Islam |
Filozofski rad | |
Škola filozofije | iluminativna filozofija i doktrinarna gnoza |
Interesovanja | medicina, astronomija, filozofija, teologija, metafizika, logika, matematika, poezija, jurisprudencija |
Abu Džafar Muhamad ibn Muhamad ibn Hasan Tusi (pers. حسن طوسی, 18. februar 1201 – 26. jun 1274), poznat i kao Hadže Nasirudin Tusi, bio je persijski polihistor, arhitekta, filozof, lekar, naučnik i teolog.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] On se smatra kreatorom trigonometrije kao samostalne matematičke discipline.[11][12][13] Hadže je bio dvanaestnički musliman.[14] Mulimanski učenjak Ibn Haldun (1332–1406) je smatrao Tusija najvećim među kasnim persijskim učenjacima.[15]
Umro je, nakon jednomesečne bolesti, u Bagdadu 1274. godine. Rano je počeo da studira jurisprudenciju, metodologiju jurisprudencije i osnove racionalnih nauka. U Tusu se upoznao sa određenim delima iz logike, prirodnih nauka i matefizike, kasnije završava najviše stepene stručnog tradicionalnog obrazovanja, teologije, filozofije i matematike.[16]
Život i politički uticaj
[uredi | uredi izvor]U 13. veku, islamska filozofija je još jednom dobila neosporni društveni značaj zahvaljujući neumornom radu i brilijantnim rezultatima naučnog života Nasirudina Tusija, poznatog po imenu Hadže ili Hadže-Nasir. Hadže je maestralno poznavao brojne discipline tradionalnih nauka i njegovo ime neodoljivo podseća na doba ponovnog života i svestranog procvata islamskih nauka. Rođen je u gradu Tus, u severozapadnom delu današnjeg Irana, 1201. godine. U svom zavičaju, pred svojim ocem koji je bio poznati jurist, izuzetno rano je počeo da studira jurisprudenciju, metodologiju jurisprudencije i osnove racionalnih nauka. Najverovatnije u Tusu upoznao se i sa određenim delima iz logike, prirodnih nauka i metafizike. Nakon toga, on odlazi u uticajne centre ondašnje učenosti, u obližnji grad Nišapur i kasnije u Bagdad, gde će završiti najviše stepene stručnog tradicionalnog obrazovanja i odlično savladati značajna dela iz teologije (kalam), filozofije i matematike. Hadže je filozofiju učio kod Faridudina Damada Nišaburija, koji je pripadao četvrtoj generaciji učenika Ibn Sine. Pred njim je detaljno izučio tekst poznate Ibn Sinine filozofske knjige al-Išarat. Medicinu je, na osnovu teksta, takođe Ibn Sinine, knjige Kanon, učio pred Kutbudinom al-Misrijem, a matematiku uglavnom kod glasovitog Kemaludina ibn Junusa.
Hadže je živeo u jednom od najsurovijih perioda u istoriji muslimanskih društava. Tužne godine nove sudbine i patnje počinju onda kada se Velikom Horasanu približavala nemilosrdna mongolska vojska iz centralne Azije i rušila i palila sve pred sobom. Nestali su, jedan za drugim, velelepni simboli islamske civilizacije i učenosti. Brojne škole i biblioteke od neprocenjivog značaja potpuno su izgoreli. U celom tom kraju, jedino su ismailitska vojna utvrđenja ostala zaštićena i relativno mirna. Po zahtevu ondašnjeg zapovednika ismailita, Hadže se sklanja u njihove tvrđave gde, kao izvrsni naučnik, dobija poseban ugled i društveni uticaj. Moćni mongolski vladar Hulagu-kan (1217–1265) svrgnuo je ismailite s vlasti 1256. i zaposeo sve severne predele današnjeg Irana. No, i on je pokazivao izrazito poštovanje prema nauci i astronomiji, što je bilo uzrok da Hadže možda neočekivano postane njihov ugledni pomoćnik i naučni savetnik. Uz podršku Hulagua, Hadže je 1259. osnovao spektakularnu opservatoriju (rasad-hane) u gradu Maraga, u današnjem iranskom Azerbejdžanu. Opservatorija je bila opremljena najboljim instrumentima od kojih su neki bili konstruisani prvi put.
Za vreme Hulaguove vladavine, kao i za vreme vladavine njegovog naslednika Abake, Hadže je bio izuzetno ugledan i uticajan političar. umro je, nakon jednomesečne bolesti, u Bagdadu 1274. godine.[16]
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ Bennison, Amira K. (2009). The great caliphs : the golden age of the 'Abbasid Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press. str. 204. ISBN 978-0-300-15227-2. „Hulegu killed the last ‘Abbasid caliph but also patronized the foundation of a new observatory at Maragha in Azerbayjan at the instigation of the Persian Shi‘i polymath Nasir al-Din Tusi.”
- ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur; Boum, Aomar (2015). A Concise History of the Middle East. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8133-4963-3. „Hulegu, contrite at the damage he had wrought, patronized the great Persian scholar, Nasiruddin Tusi (died 1274), who saved the lives of many other scientists and artists, accumulated a library of 400000 volumes, and built an astronomical ...”
- ^ Hebraeus, Bar; Joosse, Nanne Pieter George (2004). A Syriac Encyclopaedia of Aristotelian Philosophy: Barhebraeus (13th C.), Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Ethics, Economy, and Politics : a Critical Edition, with Introduction, Translation, Commentary, and Glossaries. Brill. str. 11. ISBN 978-90-04-14133-9. „the Persian scholar Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī”
- ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr (2006). Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. State University of New York Press. str. 167. ISBN 978-0-7914-6800-5. „In fact it was common among Persian Islamic philosophers to write few quatrains on the side often in the spirit of some of the poems of Khayyam singing about the impermanence of the world and its transience and similar themes. One needs to only recall the names of Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, Nasir al-Din Tusi and Mulla Sadra, who wrote poems along with extensive prose works.”
- ^ Rodney Collomb, "The rise and fall of the Arab Empire and the founding of Western pre-eminence", Published by Spellmount, 2006. "Khawaja Nasr ed-Din Tusi, the Persian, Khorasani, former chief scholar and scientist of"
- ^ Nasr 2006, str. 127, 199
- ^ Seyyed H. Badakhchani. Contemplation and Action: The Spiritual Autobiography of a Muslim Scholar: Nasir al-Din Tusi (In Association With the Institute of Ismaili Studies. I. B. Tauris (December 3). 1999. ISBN 978-1-86064-523-5.. page.1: ""Nasir al-Din Abu Ja`far Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Hasan Tusi:, the renowned Persian astronomer, philosopher and theologian"
- ^ Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (2005). Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-96930-7. „drawn by the Persian cosmographer al-Tusi.”
- ^ Laet, Sigfried J. de (1994). History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. UNESCO. str. 908. ISBN 978-92-3-102813-7. „the Persian astronomer and philosopher Nasir al-Din Tusi.”
- ^ Mirchandani, Vinnie (2010). The New Polymath: Profiles in Compound-Technology Innovations. John Wiley & Sons. str. 300. ISBN 978-0-470-76845-7. „Nasir. al-Din. al-Tusi: Stay. Humble. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, the Persian polymath, talked about humility: “Anyone who does not know and does not know that he does not know is stuck forever in double ...”
- ^ „Al-Tusi_Nasir biography”. www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Pristupljeno 5. 8. 2018. „One of al-Tusi's most important mathematical contributions was the creation of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right rather than as just a tool for astronomical applications. In Treatise on the quadrilateral al-Tusi gave the first extant exposition of the whole system of plane and spherical trigonometry. This work is really the first in history on trigonometry as an independent branch of pure mathematics and the first in which all six cases for a right-angled spherical triangle are set forth.”
- ^ „the cambridge history of science”.
- ^ electricpulp.com. „ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN i. Biography – Encyclopaedia Iranica”. www.iranicaonline.org (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 5. 8. 2018. „His major contribution in mathematics (Nasr, 1996, pp. 208-14) is said to be in trigonometry, which for the first time was compiled by him as a new discipline in its own right. Spherical trigonometry also owes its development to his efforts, and this includes the concept of the six fundamental formulas for the solution of spherical right-angled triangles.”
- ^ Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad; Badakchani, S. J. (2005), Paradise of Submission: A Medieval Treatise on Ismaili Thought, Ismaili Texts and Translations, 5, London: I.B. Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies, str. 2—3, ISBN 978-1-86064-436-8
- ^ James Winston Morris, "An Arab Machiavelli? Rhetoric, Philosophy and Politics in Ibn Khaldun’s Critique of Sufism", Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 8 (2009), pp. 242–291. [1] Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (20. јун 2010) excerpt from page 286 (footnote 39): "Ibn Khaldun’s own personal opinion is no doubt summarized in his pointed remark (Q 3: 274) that Tusi was better than any other later Iranian scholar". Original Arabic: Muqaddimat Ibn Khaldūn : dirāsah usūlīyah tārīkhīyah / li-Aḥmad Ṣubḥī Manṣūr-al-Qāhirah : Markaz Ibn Khaldūn : Dār al-Amīn. 1998. ISBN 978-977-19-6070-6.. Excerpt from Ibn Khaldun is found in the section: الفصل الثالث و الأربعون: في أن حملة العلم في الإسلام أكثرهم العجم (On how the majority who carried knowledge forward in Islam were Persians) In this section, see the sentence where he mentions Tusi as more knowledgeable than other later Persian ('Ajam) scholars: . و أما غيره من العجم فلم نر لهم من بعد الإمام ابن الخطيب و نصير الدين الطوسي كلاما يعول على نهايته في الإصابة. فاعتير ذلك و تأمله تر عجبا في أحوال الخليقة. و الله يخلق ما بشاء لا شريك له الملك و له الحمد و هو على كل شيء قدير و حسبنا الله و نعم الوكيل و الحمد لله.
- ^ a b Halilović, T., Halilović, S. i Halilović, M. (2014), Kratka istorija islamske filozofije, Beograd, Centar za religijske nauke „Kom”.
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Mirchandani, Vinnie (2010). The New Polymath: Profiles in Compound-Technology Innovations. John Wiley & Sons. str. 300. ISBN 978-0-470-76845-7. „Nasir. al-Din. al-Tusi: Stay. Humble. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, the Persian polymath, talked about humility: “Anyone who does not know and does not know that he does not know is stuck forever in double ...”
- Laet, Sigfried J. de (1994). History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. UNESCO. str. 908. ISBN 978-92-3-102813-7. „the Persian astronomer and philosopher Nasir al-Din Tusi.”
- Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (2005). Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-96930-7. „drawn by the Persian cosmographer al-Tusi.”
- Seyyed Hossein Nasr (2006). Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. State University of New York Press. str. 167. ISBN 978-0-7914-6800-5. „In fact it was common among Persian Islamic philosophers to write few quatrains on the side often in the spirit of some of the poems of Khayyam singing about the impermanence of the world and its transience and similar themes. One needs to only recall the names of Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, Nasir al-Din Tusi and Mulla Sadra, who wrote poems along with extensive prose works.”
- Hebraeus, Bar; Joosse, Nanne Pieter George (2004). A Syriac Encyclopaedia of Aristotelian Philosophy: Barhebraeus (13th C.), Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Ethics, Economy, and Politics : a Critical Edition, with Introduction, Translation, Commentary, and Glossaries. Brill. str. 11. ISBN 978-90-04-14133-9. „the Persian scholar Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī”
- Goldschmidt, Arthur; Boum, Aomar (2015). A Concise History of the Middle East. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8133-4963-3. „Hulegu, contrite at the damage he had wrought, patronized the great Persian scholar, Nasiruddin Tusi (died 1274), who saved the lives of many other scientists and artists, accumulated a library of 400000 volumes, and built an astronomical ...”
- Bennison, Amira K. (2009). The great caliphs : the golden age of the 'Abbasid Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press. str. 204. ISBN 978-0-300-15227-2. „Hulegu killed the last ‘Abbasid caliph but also patronized the foundation of a new observatory at Maragha in Azerbayjan at the instigation of the Persian Shi‘i polymath Nasir al-Din Tusi.”
- Halilović, T., Halilović, S. i Halilović, M. (2014), Kratka istorija islamske filozofije, Beograd, Centar za religijske nauke „Kom”, str. 126–127.
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. „Nasir al-Din Tusi”. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews.
- Encyclopædia Iranica, "AḴLĀQ-E NĀṢERĪ", G.M. Wickens [2]
- Encyclopædia Iranica, "AWṢĀF AL-AŠRĀF", G.M. Wickens [3]
- Encyclopædia Iranica, "Nasir al-Din al-Tusi" George Saliba [4]
Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Ragep, F. Jamil (2007). „Ṭūsī: Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn al‐Ḥasan Naṣīr al‐Dīn al‐Ṭūsī”. Ur.: Hockey, Thomas; et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. str. 1153—5. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. (PDF version)
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2008) [1970-80]. „Al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Al-Ḥasan Usually Known as Naṣir Al-Dīn”. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com.
- Biography by Islamic Philosophy Online
- Biography by The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Kerry Magruder, History of Science Online: Islamic and Early Medieval Science, University of Oklahoma
- Islam Online.
- http://www.famousmuslims.com/NASIR%20AL-DIN%20AL-TUSI.htm Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (26. septembar 2015)
- „Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (Persian scholar) -- Encyclopedia Britannica”. britannica.com. Pristupljeno 16. 1. 2014.
- The Rekhaganita. An 18th century Sanskrit translation of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's recension of Euclid's Elements.
- Richard Covington, Rediscovering Arabic Science, 2007, Saudi Aramco World