Dizajn nuklearnog oružja

Dizajni nuklearnog oružja su fizički, hemijski i inženjerski aranžmani koji uzrokuju detonaciju fizičkog paketa^[1] nuklearnog oružja. Postoje tri osnovna tipa dizajna:

Oružje sa čistom fisijom je najjednostavnije i najmanje tehnički zahtevno. Ono je bilo prvo nuklearno oružje napravljeno i do sada jedini tip ikada korišćen u ratu, od strane Sjedinjenih Država protiv Japana u Drugom svetskom ratu
pojačana fisiona oružja povećavaju prinos iznad implozijskog dizajna, koristeći male količine fuzionog goriva za poboljšanje lančane reakcije fisije. Pojačavanje može više nego udvostručiti prinos energije fisije oružja.
višestepeno termonuklearno oružje su aranžmani od dva ili više „stepena“, najčešće dva. Prva faza je obično pojačano fisiono oružje kao gore (osim najranijeg termonuklearnog oružja, koje je umesto toga koristilo čisto fisiono oružje). Njegova detonacija uzrokuje da ono intenzivno zrači rendgenskim zračenjem, koje osvetljava i implodira drugi stepen ispunjen velikom količinom fuzionog goriva. Ovo pokreće niz događaja koji rezultira termonuklearnim ili fuzionim sagorevanjem. Ovaj proces pruža potencijalne prinose koji su stotine puta veći od fisionog oružja.^[2]

Oružje sa čistom fisijom je prvi tip koji su napravile nove nuklearne sile. Velike industrijske države sa dobro razvijenim nuklearnim arsenalima imaju dvostepeno termonuklearno oružje, koje je najkompaktnija, najskalabilnija i najisplativija opcija, kada se izgradi neophodna tehnička baza i industrijska infrastruktura.

Većina poznatih inovacija u dizajnu nuklearnog oružja nastala je u Sjedinjenim Državama, mada su neke kasnije samostalno razvile druge države.^[3]

U ranim izveštajima, oružje sa čistom fisijom se zvalo atomske bombe ili A-bombe, a oružje koje uključuje fuziju nazivalo se vodoničnim bombama ili H-bombama. Međutim, praktičari nuklearne politike favorizuju termine nuklearni i termonuklearni.

Reference

^ The physics package is the nuclear explosive module inside the bomb casing, missile warhead, or artillery shell, etc., which delivers the weapon to its target. While photographs of weapon casings are common, photographs of the physics package are quite rare, even for the oldest and crudest nuclear weapons. For a photograph of a modern physics package see W80.
^ „To the Outside World, a Superbomb more Bluff than Bang”, Life, New York, св. 51 бр. 19, November 10, 1961, стр. 34—37, 1961, Архивирано из оригинала 2021-09-04. г., Приступљено 2010-06-28 . Article on the Soviet Tsar Bomba test. Because explosions are spherical in shape and targets are spread out on the relatively flat surface of the earth, numerous smaller weapons cause more destruction. From page 35: "... five five-megaton weapons would demolish a greater area than a single 50-megatonner."
^ The United States and the Soviet Union were the only nations to build large nuclear arsenals with every possible type of nuclear weapon. The U.S. had a four-year head start and was the first to produce fissile material and fission weapons, all in 1945. The only Soviet claim for a design first was the Joe 4 detonation on August 12, 1953, said to be the first deliverable hydrogen bomb. However, as Herbert York first revealed in The Advisors: Oppenheimer, Teller and the Superbomb (W.H. Freeman, 1976), it was not a true hydrogen bomb (it was a boosted fission weapon of the Sloika/Alarm Clock type, not a two-stage thermonuclear). Soviet dates for the essential elements of warhead miniaturization – boosted, hollow-pit, two-point, air lens primaries – are not available in the open literature, but the larger size of Soviet ballistic missiles is often explained as evidence of an initial Soviet difficulty in miniaturizing warheads.

Literatura

Cohen, Sam, The Truth About the Neutron Bomb: The Inventor of the Bomb Speaks Out, William Morrow & Co., 1983
Coster-Mullen, John, "Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man", Self-Published, 2011
Glasstone, Samuel and Dolan, Philip J., editors, The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (third edition) Архивирано 2016-03-03 на сајту Wayback Machine (PDF), U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.
Grace, S. Charles, Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Effects and Survivability (Land Warfare: Brassey's New Battlefield Weapons Systems and Technology, vol 10)
Hansen, Chuck, "Swords of Armageddon: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945 Архивирано 2016-12-30 на сајту Wayback Machine" (CD-ROM & download available). PDF. 2,600 pages, Sunnyvale, California, Chucklea Publications, 1995, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9791915-0-3 (2nd Ed.)
The Effects of Nuclear War Архивирано 2015-04-18 на сајту Wayback Machine, Office of Technology Assessment (May 1979).
Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. Simon and Schuster, New York, (1986 ISBN 978-0-684-81378-3)
Rhodes, Richard. Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. Simon and Schuster, New York, (1995 ISBN 978-0-684-82414-7)
Smyth, Henry DeWolf, Atomic Energy for Military Purposes Архивирано 2017-04-21 на сајту Wayback Machine, Princeton University Press, 1945. (see: Smyth Report)

Spoljašnje veze

Carey Sublette's Nuclear Weapon Archive is a reliable source of information and has links to other sources.
- Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions: Section 4.0 Engineering and Design of Nuclear Weapons
The Federation of American Scientists provides solid information on weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons and their effects
More information on the design of two-stage fusion bombs
Militarily Critical Technologies List (MCTL), Part II (1998) (PDF) from the US Department of Defense at the Federation of American Scientists website.
"Restricted Data Declassification Decisions from 1946 until Present", Department of Energy report series published from 1994 until January 2001 which lists all known declassification actions and their dates. Hosted by Federation of American Scientists.
The Holocaust Bomb: A Question of Time is an update of the 1979 court case USA v. The Progressive, with links to supporting documents on nuclear weapon design.
Annotated bibliography on nuclear weapons design from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
The Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project or NPIHP is a global network of individuals and institutions engaged in the study of international nuclear history through archival documents, oral history interviews and other empirical sources.

[1] The physics package is the nuclear explosive module inside the bomb casing, missile warhead, or artillery shell, etc., which delivers the weapon to its target. While photographs of weapon casings are common, photographs of the physics package are quite rare, even for the oldest and crudest nuclear weapons. For a photograph of a modern physics package see W80.

[2] „To the Outside World, a Superbomb more Bluff than Bang”, Life, New York, св. 51 бр. 19, November 10, 1961, стр. 34—37, 1961, Архивирано из оригинала 2021-09-04. г., Приступљено 2010-06-28 . Article on the Soviet Tsar Bomba test. Because explosions are spherical in shape and targets are spread out on the relatively flat surface of the earth, numerous smaller weapons cause more destruction. From page 35: "... five five-megaton weapons would demolish a greater area than a single 50-megatonner."

[3] The United States and the Soviet Union were the only nations to build large nuclear arsenals with every possible type of nuclear weapon. The U.S. had a four-year head start and was the first to produce fissile material and fission weapons, all in 1945. The only Soviet claim for a design first was the Joe 4 detonation on August 12, 1953, said to be the first deliverable hydrogen bomb. However, as Herbert York first revealed in The Advisors: Oppenheimer, Teller and the Superbomb (W.H. Freeman, 1976), it was not a true hydrogen bomb (it was a boosted fission weapon of the Sloika/Alarm Clock type, not a two-stage thermonuclear). Soviet dates for the essential elements of warhead miniaturization – boosted, hollow-pit, two-point, air lens primaries – are not available in the open literature, but the larger size of Soviet ballistic missiles is often explained as evidence of an initial Soviet difficulty in miniaturizing warheads.

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п р у Nuklearna tehnologija
Nuklearna nauka	Nuklearna fizika Nuklearna hemija
Nuklearni materijali	Nuklearno gorivo Plodni metali Obogaćeni uran Osiromašeni uran Plutonijum Torijum Tricijum Deuterijum Helijum-3 Uranijum
Nuklearna energija	Nuklearni otpad Aktinoidi Fuzijska energija Budući energetski razvoj Nuklearna elektrana Nuklearna energija Inercijalna fuzijska elektrana Vodeni reaktor pod pritiskom Vodeni reaktor pod vrenjem Reaktor četvrte generacije Brzooplođavajući reaktor Brzi neutronski reaktor Magnoks reaktor Napredni reaktor sa plinskim hlađenjem Brzi reaktor sa plinskim hlađenjem Reaktor sa otopljenom solju Reaktor sa hlađenim tekućim metalom Reaktor sa hlađenim olovom Brzi reaktor sa hlađenim natrijumom Superkritični vodeni reaktor Reaktor vrlo visoke temperature Reaktor šljunčanog dna Integralni brzi reaktor Nuklearna propulzija Nuklearna termalna raketa Radioizotopski termoelektrični generator
Nuklearna medicina	Pozitronska emisiona tomografija Radioterapija Tomoterapija Protonska terapija Brahiterapija
Merni instrumenti	Jonizaciona komora Gajger-Milerov brojač Vilsonova komora Scintilacioni brojač Proporcionalni brojač Komora na mehuriće Višeanodni proporcionalni brojač Komora na iskre Poluvodički detektor Detektori rendgenskog i gama zračenja Detektori niskoenergijskih nabijenih čestica Neutronski detektori Neutrino detektori Detektori visokoenergijskih nabijenih čestica
Nuklearna oružja	Istorija nuklearnog oružja Nuklearni rat Trka u nuklearnom naoružanju Dizajn nuklearnog oružja Efekti nuklearnih eksplozija Nuklearno testiranje Nuklearna dostava Nuklearna proliferacija Popis država sa nuklearnim oružjem Popis nuklearnih testova
Rasprava	Rasprava o nuklearnoj energiji