Zdravstvena pravednost

Zdravstvena pravednost proizilazi iz pristupa društvenim determinantama zdravlja, posebno iz bogatstva, moći i prestiža.^[1] Pojedinci koji su stalno bili lišeni ove tri determinante nalaze se u značajno nepovoljnom položaju usled zdravstvenih nejednakosti i suočavaju se sa lošijim zdravstvenim ishodima od onih koji imaju pristup određenim resursima.^[2]^[1] Nije pravičnost da se jednostavno svakom pojedincu obezbede isti resursi; to bi bila jednakost. Da bi se postigla zdravstvena jednakost, resursi moraju biti alocirani na osnovu individualnog principa zasnovanog na potrebama.[^[1]

Prema Svetskoj zdravstvenoj organizaciji, „Zdravlje je stanje potpunog fizičkog, mentalnog i socijalnog blagostanja, a ne samo odsustvo bolesti ili slabosti“.^[3] Kvalitet zdravlja i način na koji je zdravlje raspoređeno po ekonomskom i socijalnom statusu u društvu može pružiti uvid u nivo razvoja tog društva.^[4] Zdravlje je osnovno ljudsko pravo i ljudska potreba, a sva ljudska prava su međusobno povezana. Dakle, o zdravlju se mora razgovarati zajedno sa svim drugim osnovnim ljudskim pravima.^[1]

Zdravstvenu pravednost CDC definiše kao „stanje u kome svako ima fer i pravednu priliku da postigne svoj najviši nivo zdravlja“.^[5] Usko je povezana sa pokretom za socijalnu pravdu, sa dobrim zdravljem koje se smatra osnovnim ljudskim pravom. Ove nejednakosti mogu uključivati razlike u „prisustvu bolesti, zdravstvenim ishodima ili pristupu zdravstvenoj zaštiti“^[6]^‍:3 između populacija različite rase, etničke pripadnosti, pola, seksualne orijentacije, invaliditeta ili socio-ekonomskog statusa.^[7]^[8]

Zdravstvena nejednakost razlikuje se od zdravstvene nejednakosti po tome što se ovaj drugi termin koristi u velikom broju zemalja da se odnosi na one slučajeve u kojima se zdravlje dve demografske grupe (ne nužno etničke ili rasne grupe) razlikuje uprkos sličnom pristupu zdravstvenim uslugama. Dalje se može opisati kao razlike u zdravlju koje se mogu izbeći, nepravedne i koje se ne mogu objasniti prirodnim uzrocima, kao što je biologija, ili razlikama u izboru.^[9] Dakle, ako jedna populacija umire mlađa od druge zbog genetskih razlika, što je faktor koji se ne može otkloniti/kontrolisati, situacija bi se klasifikovala kao zdravstvena nejednakost. Nasuprot tome, ako stanovništvo ima kraći životni vek zbog nedostatka pristupa lekovima, situacija bi se klasifikovala kao zdravstvena nepravednost.^[10] Ove nepravednosti mogu uključivati razlike u „prisustvu bolesti, zdravstvenim ishodima ili pristupu zdravstvenoj zaštiti“. Iako je važno prepoznati razliku u zdravstvenoj jednakosti i pravednosti, jer je jednakost u zdravlju od suštinskog značaja za početak postizanja zdravstvene pravednosti.^[1] Važnost pravednog pristupa zdravstvenoj zaštiti navodi se kao ključna za postizanje mnogih Milenijumskih razvojnih ciljeva.^[11]

Reference

^ ^а ^б ^в ^г ^д Braveman P, Gruskin S (април 2003). „Defining equity in health”. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 57 (4): 254—8. PMC 1732430 . PMID 12646539. doi:10.1136/jech.57.4.254.
^ Goldberg DS (2017). „Justice, Compound Disadvantage, and Health Inequities”. Public Health Ethics and the Social Determinants of Health. SpringerBriefs in Public Health. стр. 17—32. ISBN 978-3-319-51345-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51347-8_3.
^ Preamble to the Constitution of WHO as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19 June – 22 July 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of WHO, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. The definition has not been amended since 1948.
^ Marmot M (септембар 2007). „Achieving health equity: from root causes to fair outcomes”. Lancet. 370 (9593): 1153—63. PMID 17905168. S2CID 7136984. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61385-3.
^ „What is Health Equity?”. www.cdc.gov (на језику: енглески). 2023-01-09. Приступљено 2023-04-25.
^ Goldberg J, Hayes W, Huntley J (новембар 2004). Understanding Health Disparities. Health Policy Institute of Ohio.
^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Healthy People 2010: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives, conference ed. in two vols. (Washington, D.C., January 2000).
^ Fujishiro, Kaori; Ahonen, Emily Q.; Gimeno Ruiz de Porras, David; Chen, I.-Chen; Benavides, Fernando G. (2021). „Sociopolitical values and social institutions: Studying work and health equity through the lens of political economy”. SSM – Population Health. 14: 100787. ISSN 2352-8273. PMC 8056461 . PMID 33898729. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100787.
^ Braveman P (јануар 2014). „What are health disparities and health equity? We need to be clear”. Public Health Reports. 129 (Suppl 2): 5—8. PMC 3863701 . PMID 24385658. doi:10.1177/00333549141291S203.
^ Kawachi I, Subramanian SV, Almeida-Filho N (септембар 2002). „A glossary for health inequalities”. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 56 (9): 647—52. PMC 1732240 . PMID 12177079. doi:10.1136/jech.56.9.647.
^ Vandemoortele, Jan (2011). „The MDG Story: Intention Denied: The MDG Story: Intention Denied”. Development and Change (на језику: енглески). 42 (1): 1—21. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2010.01678.x.

Literatura

Bleich SN, Jarlenski MP, Bell CN, LaVeist TA (април 2012). „Health inequalities: trends, progress, and policy”. Annual Review of Public Health. 33: 7—40. PMC 3745020 . PMID 22224876. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124658.
Diez Roux AV (април 2012). „Conceptual approaches to the study of health disparities”. Annual Review of Public Health. 33: 41—58. PMC 3740124 . PMID 22224879. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124534.
Goldberg J, Hayes W, Huntley J (новембар 2004). Understanding health disparities. (Извештај). Health Policy Institute of Ohio. Архивирано из оригинала 2008-05-15. г.
„State Policy Agenda to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities”. Commonwealth Fund. јун 2004. Архивирано из оригинала 2012-09-20. г. Приступљено 2012-09-13.
Smedley B, Stith A, Nelson A (август 2002). „Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care”. Journal of the National Medical Association. 94 (8): 666—8. PMC 2594273 . PMID 12152921.

Spoljašnje veze

2014 Health Disparities Legislation
Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action (PCHP)
Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Health Disparities was created to enable dialogue and discussion of issues related to the visibility of racial and ethnic disparities in health and health care as a national problem, the development of programs and strategies to reduce disparities and the emergence of new leadership.
European Portal for Action on Health Inequalities
Center for Managing Chronic Disease
Cultural Diversity in Health Care Speaker Series videos presentations from expert lecturers, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Cultural Diversity in Health Care Research Symposium video presentations from expert lecturers, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
Understanding Health Disparities
Initiative to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health United States government minority health initiative
Health Disparities Collaborative
EuroHealthNet's European Partnership for Improving Health, Equity and Wellbeing
Massachusetts General Hospital seeks to bridge healthcare's racial gap
Diversity Health Institute Clearinghouse
Case Center for Reducing Health Disparities Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (2. јун 2023)
FIU Health Disparity Research Group
"Kaiser Health Disparities Report: A Weekly Look at Race, Ethnicity and Health", News summary report from kaisernetwork.org
Health inequality in New Zealand
BBC News article regarding health inequalities
EXPORT Project webpage atTuskegee University
VIDEO: Health Status Disparities in the US Архивирано 2007-09-30 на сајту Wayback Machine, April 4, 2007, featuring Paula Braveman, Gregg Bloche, George Kaplan, Thomas Ricketts, Mary Lou deLeon Siantz, and David Williams
UK National Health Service Specialist Library for Ethnicity & Health [1]
National Rural Health Association
The National Partnership for Action to End Health Disparities
The National Partnership for Action Toolkit for Community Action
Social Determinants of Health^{[мртва веза]}, Social Determinants of Health Task Force, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
Occupational Health Equity Program, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 2022.

[Braveman_2003-1] а ^б ^в ^г ^д Braveman P, Gruskin S (април 2003). „Defining equity in health”. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 57 (4): 254—8. PMC 1732430 . PMID 12646539. doi:10.1136/jech.57.4.254.

[2] Goldberg DS (2017). „Justice, Compound Disadvantage, and Health Inequities”. Public Health Ethics and the Social Determinants of Health. SpringerBriefs in Public Health. стр. 17—32. ISBN 978-3-319-51345-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51347-8_3.

[3] Preamble to the Constitution of WHO as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19 June – 22 July 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of WHO, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. The definition has not been amended since 1948.

[4] Marmot M (септембар 2007). „Achieving health equity: from root causes to fair outcomes”. Lancet. 370 (9593): 1153—63. PMID 17905168. S2CID 7136984. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61385-3.

[5] „What is Health Equity?”. www.cdc.gov (на језику: енглески). 2023-01-09. Приступљено 2023-04-25.

[goldberg-ohio-6] Goldberg J, Hayes W, Huntley J (новембар 2004). Understanding Health Disparities. Health Policy Institute of Ohio.

[7] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Healthy People 2010: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives, conference ed. in two vols. (Washington, D.C., January 2000).

[8] Fujishiro, Kaori; Ahonen, Emily Q.; Gimeno Ruiz de Porras, David; Chen, I.-Chen; Benavides, Fernando G. (2021). „Sociopolitical values and social institutions: Studying work and health equity through the lens of political economy”. SSM – Population Health. 14: 100787. ISSN 2352-8273. PMC 8056461 . PMID 33898729. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100787.

[9] Braveman P (јануар 2014). „What are health disparities and health equity? We need to be clear”. Public Health Reports. 129 (Suppl 2): 5—8. PMC 3863701 . PMID 24385658. doi:10.1177/00333549141291S203.

[10] Kawachi I, Subramanian SV, Almeida-Filho N (септембар 2002). „A glossary for health inequalities”. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 56 (9): 647—52. PMC 1732240 . PMID 12177079. doi:10.1136/jech.56.9.647.

[11] Vandemoortele, Jan (2011). „The MDG Story: Intention Denied: The MDG Story: Intention Denied”. Development and Change (на језику: енглески). 42 (1): 1—21. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2010.01678.x.

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