Adi Šankara

Adi Šankara
Adi Šankara
	Adi Šankara sa sledbenicima, rad Raža Ravi Varme (1904)
Ime po rođenju	Šankara
Datum rođenja	788.
Mesto rođenja	Kaladi ; sadašnji Kočin, Kerala; Indija
Datum smrti	820. (starost 32)
Mesto smrti	Kedarnat; sadašnji Utarakand; Indija
Prebivalište	Indija
Državljanstvo	indijsko
Zanimanje	filozof i teolog

Adi Šankaračarja (Sanskrit: आदि शङ्कराआचार्य }) bio je indijski filozof i teolog iz 8. veka^[2] koji je konsolidovao doktrine Advajta Vedanta.^[1]^[3]^{[note 1]} On je zaslužan za objedinjavanje i uspostavljanje glavnih tokova misli u hinduizmu.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Njegovi radovi na sanskrtu raspravljaju o jedinstvu atmana i Nirgune Brahmana „brahmana bez atributa”.^[8] On je napisao bogate komentare o vedskom kanonu (Brahma Sutras, glavnim Upanišadima i Bhagavadgiti) u prilog svojoj tezi.^[9] Njegova dela obrađuju ideje pronađene u Upanišadima. Šankarove publikacije su kritikovale ritualno orijentisanu školu hinduizma Mimamsa.^[10] On je takođe objasnio ključnu razliku između hinduizma i budizma, navodeći da hinduizam tvrdi da „Atman (duša, ja) postoji”, dok budizam tvrdi da „nema duše, nema sebstva”.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Šankara je putovao širom Indijskog potkontinenta kako bi propagirao svoju filozofiju kroz diskurse i debate sa drugim misliocima. On je uspostavio važnost monaškog života kakav je sankcionisan u Upanišadima i Brahma Sutri, u vremenu kada je škola Mimamsa uspostavila strogi ritual i ismejavala monaštvo. Smatra se da je on osnovao četiri matasa („manastira”), koji su pomogli u istorijskom razvoju, oživljavanju i širenju Advajta Vedante, te je poznat kao najveći revivalista.^[14] Smatra se da je Adi Šankara organizator monaškog reda Dašanami i da je objedinio tradiciju Šanmata. On je poznat i kao Adi Šankaračarija, Šankara Bagavatpada, (Ādi) Śaṅkarācārya, Śaṅkara Bhagavatpāda i Śaṅkara Bhagavatpādācārya.

Napomene

^ Modern scholarship places Shankara in the earlier part of the 8th century CE (c. 700–750).^[3] Earlier generations of scholars proposed 788–820 CE.^[3] Other proposals are 686–718 CE, 44 BCE,^[4] or as early as 509–477 BCE.

Reference

^ ^а ^б ^в Sharma 1962, стр. vi.
^ „Shankara | Indian philosopher”. Encyclopedia Britannica.
^ ^а ^б ^в Comans 2000, стр. 163.
^ Y. Keshava Menon, The Mind of Adi Shankaracharya 1976 pp. 108
^ Johannes de Kruijf and Ajaya Sahoo , Indian Transnationalism Online: New Perspectives on Diaspora. 2014. стр. 105. ISBN 978-1-4724-1913-2. , Quote: "In other words, according to Adi Shankara's argument, the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta stood over and above all other forms of Hinduism and encapsulated them. This then united Hinduism; (...) Another of Adi Shankara's important undertakings which contributed to the unification of Hinduism was his founding of a number of monastic centers."
^ Shankara. стр. 379. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5. , Student's Encyclopedia Britannia – India , Volume 4, Encyclopaedia Britannica Publishing. . , Quote: "Shankaracharya, philosopher and theologian, most renowned exponent of the Advaita Vedanta school of philosophy, from whose doctrines the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived.";
David Crystal (2004), The Penguin Encyclopedia, Penguin Books, pp. 1353, Quote: "[Shankara] is the most famous exponent of Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy and the source of the main currents of modern Hindu thought."
^ Christophe Jaffrelot (1998), The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, Columbia University Press. 2000. стр. 2. ISBN 978-0-231-10335-0. line feed character у |publisher= на позицији 432 (помоћ); Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ), Quote: "The main current of Hinduism – if not the only one – which became formalized in a way that approximates to an ecclesiastical structure was that of Shankara".
^ Sri Adi Shankaracharya, Sringeri Sharada Peetham, India
^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (19. 9. 2016). „How Adi Shankaracharya united a fragmented land with philosophy, poetry and pilgrimage”. Scroll.in.
^ https://books.google.com/books?ei=09d0T6ygK4PTrQf5l4SgDQ&id=IPasbJW-1PwC&dq=inauthor%3A%22Shyama+Kumar+Chattopadhyaya%22&q=Mimamsa#v=snippet&q=Mimamsa&f=false. Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ), Sarup & Sons, New Delhi. ISBN 81-7625-222-0
^ Edward Roer (Translator), to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad. Shankara's Introduction на сајту Гугл књиге
^ Edward Roer (Translator) (1908). „Shankara's Introduction”. Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad. стр. 3. OCLC 19373677. Пронађени су сувишни параметри: |pages= и |page= (помоћ)
^ KN Jayatilleke , Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. . 2010. стр. 246—249. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1. Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ), from note 385 onwards;
Steven Collins , Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State University of New York Press. . 1994. стр. 64. ISBN 978-0-7914-2217-5. Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ); Quote: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence.";
Edward Roer (Translator), Shankara's Introduction на сајту Гугл књиге]
Katie Javanaud (2013), Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?, Philosophy Now;
John C. . Plott et al. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass. стр. 63. ISBN 978-81-208-0158-5. Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ), Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".
^ . стр. 13 https://books.google.com/books?id=lsJbVICEOTcC&pg=PA13&dq=Adi+Shankara&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Es90T7a9NIy3rAeE3_HmCg&ved=0CFAQuwUwBg#v=onepage&q=Adi%20Shankara&f=false. Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ), Deepak Chopra, , . New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2006. стр. 13. ISBN 81-265-0696-2. Текст „978-81-265-0696-5” игнорисан (помоћ); Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ)

Literatura

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Spoljašnje veze

Adi Shankara на сајту Пројекат Гутенберг (језик: енглески)
Adi Šankara на сајту Curlie (језик: енглески)
Adi Šankara на сајту Internet Archive (језик: енглески)
Majors works of Adi Sankara Volumes 1–20, (Sanskrit and English Translations)
A Note on the date of Sankara (Adi Sankaracharya) Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (26. октобар 2020) by S. Srikanta Sastri

[5] Modern scholarship places Shankara in the earlier part of the 8th century CE (c. 700–750).^[3] Earlier generations of scholars proposed 788–820 CE.^[3] Other proposals are 686–718 CE, 44 BCE,^[4] or as early as 509–477 BCE.

[FOOTNOTESharma1962vi-1] а ^б ^в Sharma 1962, стр. vi.

[2] „Shankara | Indian philosopher”. Encyclopedia Britannica.

[FOOTNOTEComans2000163-3] а ^б ^в Comans 2000, стр. 163.

[Keshava-4] Y. Keshava Menon, The Mind of Adi Shankaracharya 1976 pp. 108

[6] Johannes de Kruijf and Ajaya Sahoo , Indian Transnationalism Online: New Perspectives on Diaspora. 2014. стр. 105. ISBN 978-1-4724-1913-2. , Quote: "In other words, according to Adi Shankara's argument, the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta stood over and above all other forms of Hinduism and encapsulated them. This then united Hinduism; (...) Another of Adi Shankara's important undertakings which contributed to the unification of Hinduism was his founding of a number of monastic centers."

[7] Shankara. стр. 379. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5. , Student's Encyclopedia Britannia – India , Volume 4, Encyclopaedia Britannica Publishing. . , Quote: "Shankaracharya, philosopher and theologian, most renowned exponent of the Advaita Vedanta school of philosophy, from whose doctrines the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived.";
David Crystal (2004), The Penguin Encyclopedia, Penguin Books, pp. 1353, Quote: "[Shankara] is the most famous exponent of Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy and the source of the main currents of modern Hindu thought."

[8] Christophe Jaffrelot (1998), The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, Columbia University Press. 2000. стр. 2. ISBN 978-0-231-10335-0. line feed character у |publisher= на позицији 432 (помоћ); Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ), Quote: "The main current of Hinduism – if not the only one – which became formalized in a way that approximates to an ecclesiastical structure was that of Shankara".

[SriAdi-9] Sri Adi Shankaracharya, Sringeri Sharada Peetham, India

[10] Pattanaik, Devdutt (19. 9. 2016). „How Adi Shankaracharya united a fragmented land with philosophy, poetry and pilgrimage”. Scroll.in.

[SKChattopadhyaya-11] ttps://books.google.com/books?ei=09d0T6ygK4PTrQf5l4SgDQ&id=IPasbJW-1PwC&dq=inauthor%3A%22Shyama+Kumar+Chattopadhyaya%22&q=Mimamsa#v=snippet&q=Mimamsa&f=false. Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ), Sarup & Sons, New Delhi. ISBN 81-7625-222-0

[eroer1-12] Edward Roer (Translator), to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad. Shankara's Introduction на сајту Гугл књиге

[eroer2-13] Edward Roer (Translator) (1908). „Shankara's Introduction”. Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad. стр. 3. OCLC 19373677. Пронађени су сувишни параметри: |pages= и |page= (помоћ)

[14] KN Jayatilleke , Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. . 2010. стр. 246—249. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1. Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ), from note 385 onwards;
Steven Collins , Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State University of New York Press. . 1994. стр. 64. ISBN 978-0-7914-2217-5. Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ); Quote: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence.";
Edward Roer (Translator), Shankara's Introduction на сајту Гугл књиге]
Katie Javanaud (2013), Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?, Philosophy Now;
John C. . Plott et al. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass. стр. 63. ISBN 978-81-208-0158-5. Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ), Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".

[DeepakChopraBookLink-15] . стр. 13 https://books.google.com/books?id=lsJbVICEOTcC&pg=PA13&dq=Adi+Shankara&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Es90T7a9NIy3rAeE3_HmCg&ved=0CFAQuwUwBg#v=onepage&q=Adi%20Shankara&f=false. Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ), Deepak Chopra, , . New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2006. стр. 13. ISBN 81-265-0696-2. Текст „978-81-265-0696-5” игнорисан (помоћ); Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ)

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