Viverravus

Viverravus; Временски распон: 57.4–39.9 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N касни палеоцен до средњи еоцен
Научна класификација
Домен:	Eukaryota
Царство:	Animalia
Тип:	Chordata
Класа:	Mammalia
Кладус:	Carnivoramorpha
Натпородица:	†Viverravoidea
Породица:	†Viverravidae
Потпородица:	†Viverravinae
Род:	†Viverravus; Marsh, 1872
Типска врста
	†Viverravus gracilis; Marsh, 1872
Врсте
	†Viverravus acutus; †Viverravus gracilis; †Viverravus lawsoni; †Viverravus laytoni; †Viverravus lutosus; †Viverravus minutus; †Viverravus politus; †Viverravus rosei; †Viverravus sicarius;
Синоними
	синоними рода: Triacodon (Marsh, 1871) ; Xiphacodon (Schlosser, 1890) ; Ziphacodon (Marsh, 1872) ; синоними врсте: V. gracilis: Didymictis dawkinsianus (Cope, 1881) ; Harpalodon vulpinus (Marsh, 1872) ; Triacodon fallax (Marsh, 1871) ; Viverravus dawkinsianus (Cope, 1881) ; Viverravus nitidus (Marsh, 1872) ; Viverravus vulpinus (Marsh, 1872) ; Ziphacodon rugatus (Marsh, 1872) ; Ziphacodon ugatus (Marsh, 1872) ; ; V. laytoni: Protictis laytoni (Gingerich & Winkler, 1985) ; Viverravus bowni (Gingerich, 1987) ; ; V. politus: Protictis schaffi (Gingerich & Winkler, 1985) ; Viverravus schaffi (Gingerich & Winkler, 1985) ; ;

Viverravus (Виверавус — „предак цибетки”) је изумрли род плацентални сисара, из изумрле потпородице Viverravinae унутар изумрле породице Viverravidae, који је у периоду од касног палеоцена до средњег еоцен настањивао подручје Сјевернe Америкe, Азије и Европе.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Етимологија назива

Род:	Поријекло назива од:	Значење назива:
Viverravus	рода цибетки Viverra и латинске ријечи авус (лат. avus), која значи предак или старац	предак цибетки^[11]

Врсте:	Поријекло назива од:	Значење назива:
V. acutus	рода Viverravus и латинске ријечи акутус (лат. acutus), која значи оштар	оштри Виверавус
V. gracilis	рода Viverravus и латинске ријечи грацилис (лат. gracilis), која значи витак	витки Виверавус
V. lawsoni	рода Viverravus и ...	...
V. laytoni	рода Viverravus и презимена америчког сакупљача фосила Роберта Лејтона	лејтонов Виверавус
V. lutosus	рода Viverravus и латинске ријечи лутосус (лат. lutosus), која значи каљав или блатњав	каљави Виверавус
V. minutus	рода Viverravus и латинске ријечи минутус (лат. minutus), која значи умањен	мали Виверавус
V. politus	рода Viverravus и латинске ријечи политус (лат. politus), која значи углачано	углачани Виверавус
V. rosei	рода Viverravus и презимена америчког палеонтолога Кенета Д. Росеа	росеов Виверавус
V. sicarius	рода Viverravus и латинске ријечи сикаријус (лат. sicarius), која значи убица	Виверавус убица

Опис

Врста Viverravus acutus је тежила око 485 g, Viverravus gracilis око 786 g, Viverravus laytoni око 245 g, Viverravus lutosus око 506 g, Viverravus minutus око 474 g, а врста Viverravus politus око 1,16 kg.^[12]

илустрација дјела доње вилице врсте
Viverravus acutus

доња вилица врсте Viverravus gracilis

доња вилица врсте
Viverravus laytoni

доња вилица врсте Viverravus lutosus

илустрација лобање врсте Viverravus minutus

дјелови доње вилице врсте
Viverravus politus

илустрација дјела горње вилице и читаве доње вилице
врсте Viverravus sicarius

Систематика

Класификација

Род: †*Viverravus* (Marsh, 1872)
Врсте:	Распрострањеност фосила и локација:	Временски распон:
†V. acutus (Matthew & Granger, 1915)^[13]	САД (Вајоминг и Колорадо)	55,8 до 52,4 мил. год.
†V. gracilis (Marsh, 1872)^[1]	САД (Вајоминг,^[14] Јута и Колорадо)	54,9 до 49,2 мил. год.
†V. lawsoni (Hooker, 2010)^[15]	УК (Велики Лондон)	56,0 до 55,2 мил. год.
†V. laytoni (Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)^[16]	Канада (Алберта) САД (Вајоминг)	57,4 до 54,9 мил. год.
†V. lutosus (Gazin, 1952)^[17]	САД (Вајоминг и Колорадо)	53,0 до 49,2 мил. год.
†V. minutus (Wortman, 1901)^[18]	САД (Вајоминг, Јута, Колорадо и Невада)	53,0 до 50,0 мил. год.
†V. politus (Matthew & Granger, 1915)	САД (Вајоминг и Колорадо)	57,4 до 54,1 мил. год.
†V. rosei (Polly, 1997)^[19]	САД (Вајоминг)	55,4 до 53,4 мил. год.
†V. sicarius (Matthew, 1909)^[20]	САД (Вајоминг, Јута и Колорадо)	53,0 до 49,2 мил. год.
†V. sp. [V11141] (Meng, 1998)^[21]	Кина (Унутрашња Монголија)	42,0 до 39,9 мил. год.
†V. sp. [Locality Group 2, Washakie Basin, Wyoming] (Tomiya, 2021)^[22]	САД (Вајоминг)	47,0 до 46,2 мил. год.

Филогенија

Доље приказан кладограм представља филогенетске везе рода Viverravus.^[23]^[16]^[24]^[25]

Carnivoramorpha

Carnivoraformes

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)

?

†"Sinopa" insectivorus

†Viverravidae

?

†Ravenictis

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)

†Viverravoidea

†Viverravidae

	†Orientictis

	†Pappictidops

	†Preonictis

	†Variviverra

†Ictidopappinae

†Didymictinae

?

†Viverravidae sp. (CM 71188 & CM 71189)

†Viverravinae

	†Simpsonictis

	†Viverriscus

†Viverravus

†Viverravus lawsoni

†Viverravus politus

?

†Viverravus sp. (V11141)

†Viverravus laytoni

†Viverravus acutus

†Viverravus rosei

†Viverravus gracilis

†Viverravus lutosus

	†Viverravus minutus

	†Viverravus sicarius

?	†Viverravus sp. (Locality Group 2, Washakie Basin, Wyoming)

sensu stricto

sensu lato

Временска распрострањеност рода Viverravus унутар породице Viverravidae

Види још

Референце

^ ^а ^б O. C. Marsh (1872.) "Preliminary description of new Tertiary mammals. Part I." American Journal of Science 4(20):122-128
^ J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."
^ O. C. Marsh (1871.) "Notice of some new fossil mammals and birds from the Tertiary formation of the West." American Journal of Science 2(8):120-127
^ M. Schlosser (1890.) "Die Affen, Lemuren, Chiropteren, Insectivoren, Marsupialier, Creodonten und Carnivoren des europäischen Tertiärs. III. Theil" Beitr. Paläont. Österreich-Ungarns u.d. Orients, 8(1)
^ E. D. Cope (1881.) "On the Vertebrata of the Wind River Eocene beds of Wyoming." Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey 6(1):183-202
^ P. D. Gingerich (1987.) "Early Eocene bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) and other vertebrates in freshwater limestones of the Willlwood Formation, Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27(11):275-320
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Приступљено 16. 3. 2015.
^ J. J. Flynn (1998.) "Early Cenozoic Carnivora ("Miacoidea")." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193
^ David Polly, Gina D. Wesley-Hunt, Ronald E. Heinrich, Graham Davis and Peter Houde (2006). „Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-clade Carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia)”. Palaeontology. 49 (5): 1019—1027. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00586.x.
^ R. E. Heinrich & P. Houde (2006) "Postcranial anatomy of Viverravus (Mammalia, Carnivora) and implications for substrate use in basal Carnivora." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26:2, 422-435
^ Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (на језику: енглески). U.S. Government Printing Office.
^ Juhn, M. S.; Balisi, M. A.; Doughty, E. M.; Friscia, A. R.; Howenstine, A. O.; Jacquemetton, C.; Marcot, J.; Nugen, S.; Van Valkenburgh, B. (2024). „Cenozoic climate change and the evolution of North American mammalian predator ecomorphology”. Paleobiology: 1—10. doi:10.1017/pab.2024.27 .
^ W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915.) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103
^ Gunnell, G. F.; Bartels, W. S.; Gingerich, P. D.; Torre, V. (1992). „Wapiti Valley Faunas: Early and Middle Eocene Fossil Vertebrates from the North Fork of the Shoshone River, Park Country, Wyoming”. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan. 28 (11): 247—287. hdl:2027.42/48547.
^ Jerry J. Hooker (2010). "The mammal fauna of the early Eocene Blackheath Formation of Abbey Wood, London". Palaeontographical Society. стр. 1—162. ISSN 0269-3445.
^ ^а ^б P. D. Gingerich and D. A. Winkler (1985.) "Systematics of Paleocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Bighorn Basin and Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27(4):87-128
^ C. L. Gazin (1952.) "The Lower Eocene Knight Formation Of Western Wyoming and Its Mammalian Faunas." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117(18):1-82
^ J. L. Wortman (1901.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 12:193-206
^ P. D. Polly. (1997.) "Ancestry and Species Definition in Paleontology: A Stratocladistic Analysis of Paleocene-Eocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(1):1-53
^ W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
^ J. Meng, R. J. Zhai and A. R. Wyss (1998.) "The late Paleocene Bayan Ulan fauna of Inner Mongolia, China." Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 34:148-185
^ Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.
^ Flynn, John J.; Galiano, Henry (1982). „Phylogeny of Early Tertiary Carnivora, With a Description of a New Species of Protictis From the Middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming”. American Museum Novitates. 2725: 1—64.
^ P. D. Polly (1997.) "Ancestry and Species Definition in Paleontology: A Stratocladistic Analysis of Paleocene-Eocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(1):1-53
^ S. Faurby, L. Werdelin, A. Antonelli (2019.) "Dispersal ability predicts evolutionary success among mammalian carnivores" Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE

Литература

W. B. Scott (1892.) "A revision of the North American Creodonta with notes on some genera which have been referred to that group." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 44:291-323
J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, the Viverridae, and Procyonidae." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12(6):109-138
O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
M. R. Thorpe (1923.) "Notes on the Bridger (Eocene) Carnivora." Архивирано на веб-сајту Wayback Machine (9. јануар 2023) American Journal of Science 5(25):23-39
G. G. Simpson (1937.) "The Fort Union of the Crazy Mountain field, Montana and its mammalian faunas." Bulletin of the United States National Museum 169:1-287
M. C. McKenna, P. Robinson and D. W. Taylor (1962.) "Notes on Eocene Mammalia and Mollusca from Tabernacle Butte, Wyoming." American Museum Novitates 2102:1-33
Robinson, P. (1966). „Fossil Mammalia of Huerfano Formation, Eocene, of Colorado”. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 21: 48—49. (Plate VII)
L. Van Valen (1966.) "Deltatheridia, a new order of Mammals." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 132(1):1-126
R. M. Schoch (1987.) "Viverravus gracilis Marsh, 1872 (Mammalia, Carnivora): proposed conservation." Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 44(1):7-8
Wesley-Hunt, G. D.; Werdelin, L. (2005). „Basicranial morphology and phylogenetic position of the upper Eocene carnivoramorphan Quercygale”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (4): 837—846.
R. Secord (2008.) "The Tiffanian Land-Mammal Age (middle and late Paleocene) in the northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 35:1-192
Tomiya, Susumu (2011). „A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans”. PLoS ONE. 6 (9): e24146. PMC 3173397 . PMID 21935380. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024146.
K. D. Rose, A. E. Chew, R. H. Dunn, M. J. Kraus, H. C. Fricke and S. P. Zack (2012.) "Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 36:1-122
Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; Eric de Bast; Smith, Thierry (2014). „Dental and tarsal anatomy of "Miacis" latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1—21. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195.

[Marsh1872-1] а ^б O. C. Marsh (1872.) "Preliminary description of new Tertiary mammals. Part I." American Journal of Science 4(20):122-128

[2] J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."

[3] O. C. Marsh (1871.) "Notice of some new fossil mammals and birds from the Tertiary formation of the West." American Journal of Science 2(8):120-127

[4] M. Schlosser (1890.) "Die Affen, Lemuren, Chiropteren, Insectivoren, Marsupialier, Creodonten und Carnivoren des europäischen Tertiärs. III. Theil" Beitr. Paläont. Österreich-Ungarns u.d. Orients, 8(1)

[5] E. D. Cope (1881.) "On the Vertebrata of the Wind River Eocene beds of Wyoming." Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey 6(1):183-202

[6] P. D. Gingerich (1987.) "Early Eocene bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) and other vertebrates in freshwater limestones of the Willlwood Formation, Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27(11):275-320

[McKenna_&_Bell-7] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Приступљено 16. 3. 2015.

[8] J. J. Flynn (1998.) "Early Cenozoic Carnivora ("Miacoidea")." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193

[9] David Polly, Gina D. Wesley-Hunt, Ronald E. Heinrich, Graham Davis and Peter Houde (2006). „Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-clade Carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia)”. Palaeontology. 49 (5): 1019—1027. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00586.x.

[10] R. E. Heinrich & P. Houde (2006) "Postcranial anatomy of Viverravus (Mammalia, Carnivora) and implications for substrate use in basal Carnivora." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26:2, 422-435

[11] Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (на језику: енглески). U.S. Government Printing Office.

[12] Juhn, M. S.; Balisi, M. A.; Doughty, E. M.; Friscia, A. R.; Howenstine, A. O.; Jacquemetton, C.; Marcot, J.; Nugen, S.; Van Valkenburgh, B. (2024). „Cenozoic climate change and the evolution of North American mammalian predator ecomorphology”. Paleobiology: 1—10. doi:10.1017/pab.2024.27 .

[13] W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915.) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103

[14] Gunnell, G. F.; Bartels, W. S.; Gingerich, P. D.; Torre, V. (1992). „Wapiti Valley Faunas: Early and Middle Eocene Fossil Vertebrates from the North Fork of the Shoshone River, Park Country, Wyoming”. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan. 28 (11): 247—287. hdl:2027.42/48547.

[15] Jerry J. Hooker (2010). "The mammal fauna of the early Eocene Blackheath Formation of Abbey Wood, London". Palaeontographical Society. стр. 1—162. ISSN 0269-3445.

[Gingerich1985-16] а ^б P. D. Gingerich and D. A. Winkler (1985.) "Systematics of Paleocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Bighorn Basin and Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27(4):87-128

[17] C. L. Gazin (1952.) "The Lower Eocene Knight Formation Of Western Wyoming and Its Mammalian Faunas." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117(18):1-82

[18] J. L. Wortman (1901.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 12:193-206

[19] P. D. Polly. (1997.) "Ancestry and Species Definition in Paleontology: A Stratocladistic Analysis of Paleocene-Eocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(1):1-53

[20] W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567

[21] J. Meng, R. J. Zhai and A. R. Wyss (1998.) "The late Paleocene Bayan Ulan fauna of Inner Mongolia, China." Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 34:148-185

[Tomiya2021-22] Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

[23] Flynn, John J.; Galiano, Henry (1982). „Phylogeny of Early Tertiary Carnivora, With a Description of a New Species of Protictis From the Middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming”. American Museum Novitates. 2725: 1—64.

[24] P. D. Polly (1997.) "Ancestry and Species Definition in Paleontology: A Stratocladistic Analysis of Paleocene-Eocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(1):1-53

[25] S. Faurby, L. Werdelin, A. Antonelli (2019.) "Dispersal ability predicts evolutionary success among mammalian carnivores" Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE

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