Ždralovi (red)

Ždralovi; Vremenski raspon: 66–0 Ma gornja kreda — današnjost PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Balearica regulorum
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Aves
Kladus:	Gruimorphae
Red:	Gruiformes; Bonaparte, 1854.
Porodice
	Gruidae ; Aramidae ; Psophiidae ; Sarothruridae ; Heliornithidae ; Rallidae

Ždralovi (lat. Gruiformes) su red ptica kome pripada veliki broj različitih živih i izumrlih porodica. Vrste koje pripadaju ovom redu su morfološki raznovrsne i geografski široko rasprostranjene.

U ovu grupu se tradicionalno ubraja nekoliko porodica močvarnih i kopnenih ptičijih porodica. Tu spada 14 vrsta velikih ždralova i oko 145 vrsta manjih barskih koka (Rallidae). Ove dve grupe se smatraju za tipične u ovom redu. Desetak drugih porodica od po jedne do tri vrste, koje se takođe ubrajaju u ždralove, predstavljaju netipične predstavnike ovog reda.

Sistematika

Novije filogenetske analize potvruju da osnovnoj grupi ždralova pripada samo pet porodica: ždralovi, guaraune, trubači, sunčani gnjurci i vodene kokoši, kojima se pridružuje monotipska porodica Sarothruridae.^[4]

Verovatne rodbinske veze između porodica ždralova su predstavljene na dijagramu.

Ždralovi

	Ždralovi (Gruidae)

	Guarauna (Aramidae)

Trubači (Psophiidae)

	Sarothruridae

	Sunčani gnjurci (Heliornithidae)

Barske koke (Rallidae)

Pored živih vrsta, dole navedene porodice izumrlih ptica se tradicionalno uvrštavaju u red ždralova^[5]:

Bathornithidae †, kasni eocen do ranog oligocena u Severnoj Americi
Idiornithidae †, srednji eocen do ranog oligocena u Evropi
Phorusrhacidae †, paleocen do donjeg pleistocena u Južnoj Americi
Messelornithidae †
Eogruidae †, kasni eocen do ranog oligocena u Aziji
Ergilornithidae †, rani eocen u Aziji i kasni pliocen do miocena u Aziji i Evropi
Geranoididae †, rani i srednji eocen u Severnoj Americi
Aptornithidae †, endemična porodica sa Novog Zelanda

Filogenija

Gruiformes

Rallidae –

	Sarothruridae

	Heliornithidae

Psophiidae

	Aramidae

	Gruidae

Filogenija postojećeg Gruiformes.^[6]^[7]

Red Gruiformes^[8]^[9]^[10]

Familija †Songziidae Hou, 1990
- Rod †Songzia Hou, 1990
Podrod Grui
- Nadfamilija Gruoidea Vigors, 1825
  - Familija †Geranoididae Wetmore, 1933
  - Familija †Parvigruidae Mayr, 2005
    - Rod †Parvigrus Mayr, 2005
    - Rod †Rupelrallus Fischer, 1997
  - Familija Aramidae Bonaparte, 1854
    - Rod †Badistornis Wetmore, 1940
    - Rod Aramus Vieillot, 1816 [Courlili Buffon, 1781; Notherodius Wagler, 1827]
  - Familija Psophiidae Bonaparte, 1831
    - Rod Psophia Linnaeus, 1758
  - Familija †Eogruidae Wetmore, 1934
    - Rod †Sonogrus Kuročkin, 1981
    - Rod †Eogrus Wetmore, 1932 [Progrus Bendukidze, 1971]
    - Nadfamilija †Ergilornithinae
      - Rod †Ergilornis Kozlova, 1960
      - Rod †Amphipelargus Lydekker, 1891
      - Rod †Urmiornis Mecquenem, 1908
  - Familija Gruidae
    - Rod †Camusia Seguí, 2002
    - Nadfamilija Balearicinae Brasil, 1913
      - Rod †Aramornis Wetmore, 1926
      - Rod †Geranopsis Lydekker, 1871
      - Rod †Eobalearica Gureev, 1949
      - Rod Balearica Brisson, 1760 [Geranarchus Gloger, 1842]
    - Nadfamilija Gruinae Vigors, 1825
      - Rod †"Grus" conferta Miller & Sibley, 1942 [Olson & Rasmussen, 2001]
      - Rod †"Probalearica" mongolica Kurochkin, 1985
      - Rod †Palaeogrus Portis, 1885 [Palaeogrus Salvadori, 1884 nomen nudum]
      - Rod Antigone (Linnaeus, 1758)
      - Rod Leucogeranus (Pallas, 1773)
      - Rod Grus Brisson, 1760 non Moehring, 1758 [Anthropoides Vieillot, 1816; Bugeranus Gloger, 1841; Megalornis Gray, 1841; Leucogeranus Bonaparte, 1855; Mathewsena Iredale, 1914; Mathewsia Iredale, 1911; Limnogeranus Sharpe, 1893; Laomedontia Reichenbach, 1852; Philorchemon Gloger, 1842; Scops Gray, 1840 non Moehring, 1758 non Bruennich, 1772 npn Savigny, 1809] (cranes)
Podrod Ralli
- Familija †Aptornithidae
- Familija Sarothruridae
  - Rod Mentocrex Peters, 1933
  - Rod Sarothrura Heine, 1890 non Hasselt, 1823 [Corethrura Reichenbach, 1849 non Hope, 1843 non Gray, 1846; Daseioura Penhallurick, 2003]
- Familija Heliornithidae Gray, 1841
  - Rod Heliopais Sharpe, 1893
  - Rod Podica Lesson, 1831 [Rhigelura Wagler, 1832; Podoa Bonaparte, 1857 non Illiger, 1811]
  - Rod Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1791 [Podoa Illiger, 1811 non Bonaparte, 1857; Plotoides Brookes, 1830; Podia Swainson, 1837]
- Familija Rallidae
  - Rod †Aletornis Marsh, 1872
  - Rod †Australlus Worthy & Boles, 2011
  - Rod †Baselrallus De Pietri & Mayr, 2014
  - Rod †Belgirallus Mayr & Smith, 2001
  - Rod †Capellirallus Falla, 1954
  - Rod †Creccoides Shufeldt, 1892
  - Rod †Eocrex Wetmore, 1931
  - Rod †Euryonotus Mercerat, 1897
  - Rod †Fulicaletornis Lambrecht, 1933
  - Rod †Hovacrex Brodkorb, 1965
  - Rod †Ibidopsis Lydekker, 1891
  - Rod †Latipons Harrison & Walker, 1979
  - Rod †Miofulica Lambrecht, 1933
  - Rod †Miorallus Lambrecht, 1933
  - Rod †Nesophalaris Brodkorb & Dawson, 1962
  - Rod †Palaeoaramides Lambrecht, 1933
  - Rod †Palaeorallus Wetmore, 1931
  - Rod †Paraortygometra Lambrecht, 1933
  - Rod †Parvirallus Harrison & Walker, 1979
  - Rod †Pastushkinia Zelenkov, 2013
  - Rod †Quercyrallus Lambrecht, 1933
  - Rod †Rallicrex Lambrecht, 1933
  - Rod †Rhenanorallus Mayr, 2010
  - Rod †Vitirallus Worthy, 2004
  - Rod †Wanshuina Hou, 1994
  - Rod †Youngornis Yeh, 1981
  - Rod †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. [Fulica podagrica]
  - Rod †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet.
  - Rod †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet.
  - Rod †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet.
  - Rod †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet.
  - Rod †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet.
  - Rod Rougetius Bonaparte, 1856
  - Nadfamilija Rallinae Rafinesque, 1815
    - Rod †Pleistorallus Worthy, 1997
    - Rod Anurolimnas Sharpe, 1893
    - Rod Biensis
    - Rod Rallicula Schlegel, 1871 [Corethruropsis Salvadori, 1876]
    - Rod Rallus Linnaeus, 1758 [†Epirallus Miller, 1942]
    - Rod †Aphanapteryx von Frauenfeld, 1868 [Pezocrex Hachisuka, 1953]
    - Rod †Erythromachus Milne-Edwards, 1873
    - Rod Dryolimnas Sharpe, 1893
    - Rod Crex Bechstein, 1803 [Crecopsis Sharpe, 1893]
    - Rod Lewinia Gray, 1855 [Aramidopsis Sharpe, 1893; Donacias Heine & Reichenow, 1890; Hyporallus Iredale & Mathews, 1926]
    - Rod Canirallus Bonaparte, 1856
    - Rod Gymnocrex Salvadori, 1875
    - Rod Gallirallus Lafresnaye, 1841 [Tricholimnas Sharpe, 1893; Nesoclopeus Peters, 1932; Cabalus Hutton, 1874; Habropteryx Stresemann, 1932; Eulabeornis Gould, 1844; †Diaphorapteryx Forbes, 1893; Hypotaenidia Reichenbach, 1853; Sylvestrornis Mathews, 1928]
  - Podfamilija Gallinulinae Gray, 1840
    - Pleme Pardirallini Livezey, 1998 [Aramidinae]
      - Rod Pardirallus Bonaparte, 1856 [Ortygonax Heine, 1890]
      - Rod Mustelirallus Bonaparte, 1858 [Neocrex Sclater & Salvin, 1869; Cyanolimnas Barbour & Peters, 1927]
      - Rod Amaurolimnas Sharpe 1893
      - Rod Aramides Pucheran, 1845
    - Pleme Gallinulini Gray, 1840 [Fulicarinae (Nitzsch, 1820) sensu Livezey, 1998]
      - Rod Tribonyx Du Bus de Gisignies, 1840 [Brachyptrallus Lafresnaye, 1840; Microtribonyx Sharpe, 1893]
      - Rod Porzana Vieillot, 1816 [Limnobaenus Sundevall, 1872; Phalaridion Kaup, 1829; Porzanoidea Mathews, 1912; Porzanoides Condon, 1975; Rallites Pucheran, 1845; Schoenocrex Roberts, 1922; Porphyriops Pucheran, 1845]
      - Rod Paragallinula Sangster, García-R & Trewick, 2015
      - Rod Gallinula Brisson, 1760 [Hydrogallina Lacépède, 1799; Stagnicola Brehm, 1831; Porphyriornis Allen, 1892 Pareudiastes Hartlaub & Finsch, 1871 Edithornis]
      - Rod Fulica Linnaeus, 1758 [†Palaeolimnas Forbes, 1893]
  - Podfamilija Porphyrioninae Reichenbach, 1849
    - Pleme Porphyrionini Reichenbach, 1849
      - Rod †Aphanocrex Wetmore, 1963
      - Rod Porphyrio Brisson, 1760 [Notornis Owen, 1848]
    - Pleme Himantornithini Bonaparte, 1856
      - Rod Himantornis Hartlaub, 1855
      - Rod Megacrex D'Albertis & Salvadori, 1879
      - Rod Aenigmatolimnas
      - Rod Gallicrex Blyth, 1852 [Gallinulopha Bonaparte, 1854; Hypnodes Reichenbach, 1853]
      - Rod Amaurornis Reichenbach, 1853 [Erythra Reichenbach, 1853; Pisynolimnas Heine & Reichenow, 1890; Poliolimnas Sharpe, 1893]
    - Pleme Zaporniini Des Murs, 1860
      - Rod Rallina Gray, 1846 [Euryzona Gray, 1855; Tomirdus Mathews, 1912]
      - Rod Zapornia Stephens, 1824 [Limnocorax Peters, 1854; Limnobaenus; Corethrura Grey, 1846]
    - Pleme Laterallini Tif, 2014
      - Rod Micropygia Bonaparte, 1856
      - Rod Rufirallus
      - Rod Laterallus Gray, 1855
      - Rod Coturnicops Gray, 1855
      - Rod Hapalocrex
      - Rod Limnocrex
      - Rod Mundia Bourne, Ashmole & Simmons, 2003
      - Rod Creciscus Cabanis, 1857 [Atlantisia Lowe, 1923]
- Nesvrstani u familiju
  - Rod †Nesotrochis Wetmore, 1918

Reference

^ Mourer-Chaviré C. (1995). „The Messelornithidae (Aves: Gruiformes) from the Paleogene of France”. Courier Forschungs- Institut Senckenberg. 181: 95—105.
^ Mayr, Gerald (2016). Avian evolution: the fossil record of birds and its paleobiological significance. Topics in Paleobiology. Wiley-Blackwell. str. 306. ISBN 978-1-119-02076-9.
^ Kuhl., H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S. T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2020). „An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life.”. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38: 108—127. PMC 7783168 . PMID 32781465. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa191 .
^ Fain, M. G.; Krajewski, C.; Houde, P. (2007). „Phylogeny of 'core Gruiformes' (Aves: Grues) and resolution of the Limpkin-Sungrebe problem” (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43 (2): 515—529. PMID 17419074. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.015. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2008-10-13. g.
^ Alan Feduccia (1999). The Origin and Evolution of the Birds. 2. New Haven/ London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07861-9.
^ Hackett, S.J.; Kimball, R.T.; Reddy, S.; Bowie, R.C.K.; Braun, E.L.; Braun, M.J.; Chojnowski, J.L.; Cox, W.A.; Han, K-L.; Harshman, J.; Huddleston, C.J.; Marks, B.D.; Miglia, K.J.; Moore, W.S.; Sheldon, F.H.; Steadman, D.W.; Witt, C.C.; Yuri, T. (2008). „A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history”. Science. 320 (5884): 1763—1767. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805. doi:10.1126/science.1157704.
^ Prum, R.O.; Berv, J.S.; Dornburg, A.; Field, D.J.; Townsend, J.P.; Lemmon, E.M.; Lemmon, A.R. (2015). „A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing”. Nature. 526 (7574): 569—573. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..569P. PMID 26444237. S2CID 205246158. doi:10.1038/nature15697.
^ Mikko's Phylogeny Archive [1] Haaramo, Mikko (2007). „Gruiformes – cranes, rails, and relatives”. Pristupljeno 30. 12. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Paleofile.com (net, info) „Archived copy”. Arhivirano iz originala 2016-01-11. g. Pristupljeno 2015-12-30. . „Taxonomic lists- Aves”. Arhivirano iz originala 11. 1. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 30. 12. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Mayr, Gerald (2016). „On the taxonomy and osteology of the Early Eocene North American Geranoididae (Aves, Gruoidea)”. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 135 (2): 315—325. Bibcode:2016SwJP..135..315M. S2CID 87692869. doi:10.1007/s13358-016-0117-2.

Literatura

Alan Feduccia (1999). The Origin and Evolution of the Birds. 2. New Haven/ London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07861-9.
Alvarenga, Herculano M. F.; Höfling, Elizabeth (2003). „Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes)”. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 43 (4): 55—91. doi:10.1590/s0031-10492003000400001 .
Cracraft, J (2001). „Avian evolution, Gondwana biogeography and the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction event”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 268 (1466): 459—69. PMC 1088628 . PMID 11296857. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1368.
Fain, M. G.; Houde, P. (2004). „Parallel radiations in the primary clades of birds”. Evolution. 58 (11): 2558—2573. PMID 15612298. S2CID 1296408. doi:10.1554/04-235.
Fain, M. G.; Houde, P. (2007). „Multilocus perspectives on the monophyly and phylogeny of the order Charadriiformes (Aves)”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 35. Bibcode:2007BMCEE...7...35F. PMC 1838420 . PMID 17346347. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-35 .
Hackett, S. J.; Kimball, R. T.; Reddy, S.; Bowie, R. C.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Cox, W. A.; Han, K. L.; Harshman, J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (2008). „A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history”. Science. 320 (5884): 1763—8. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805. doi:10.1126/science.1157704.
Houde, P. (2009) "Gruiformes". in Timetree of Life (S. B. Hedges and S. Kumar, eds.) Oxford University Press, New York.
Knox, Alan G.; Collinson, Martin; Helbig, Andreas J.; Parkin, David T.; Sangster, George (2002). „Taxonomic recommendations for British birds”. Ibis. 144 (4): 707—710. doi:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00110.x.
Morgan-Richards, M.; Trewick, S. A.; Bartosch-Härlid, A.; Kardailsky, O.; Phillips, M. J.; McLenachan, P. A.; Penny, D. (2008). „Bird evolution: testing the Metaves clade with six new mitochondrial genomes”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (1): 20. Bibcode:2008BMCEE...8...20M. PMC 2259304 . PMID 18215323. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-20 .
Olson, S. L. (1985) "The fossil record of birds". Avian biology (D. S. Farner and King, J. R. and K. C. Parkes, eds.) 8: 79–238, Academic Press, Orlando.
Olson, S. L.; Steadman, D. W. (1981). „The relationships of the Pedionomidae (Aves: Charadriformes)”. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 337 (337): 1—25. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.337.
Paton, Tara A.; Baker, Allan J. (2006). „Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 39 (3): 657—667. Bibcode:2006MolPE..39..657P. PMID 16531074. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.011.
Sibley, Charles Gald and Ahlquist, Jon Edward (1990). Phylogeny and classification of birds. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-04085-2. . New Haven, Conn.

Spoljašnje veze

[Mourer-Chaviré1995-1] Mourer-Chaviré C. (1995). „The Messelornithidae (Aves: Gruiformes) from the Paleogene of France”. Courier Forschungs- Institut Senckenberg. 181: 95—105.

[2] Mayr, Gerald (2016). Avian evolution: the fossil record of birds and its paleobiological significance. Topics in Paleobiology. Wiley-Blackwell. str. 306. ISBN 978-1-119-02076-9.

[Kuhletal2020-3] Kuhl., H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S. T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2020). „An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life.”. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38: 108—127. PMC 7783168 . PMID 32781465. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa191 .

[4] Fain, M. G.; Krajewski, C.; Houde, P. (2007). „Phylogeny of 'core Gruiformes' (Aves: Grues) and resolution of the Limpkin-Sungrebe problem” (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43 (2): 515—529. PMID 17419074. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.015. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2008-10-13. g.

[5] Alan Feduccia (1999). The Origin and Evolution of the Birds. 2. New Haven/ London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07861-9.

[6] Hackett, S.J.; Kimball, R.T.; Reddy, S.; Bowie, R.C.K.; Braun, E.L.; Braun, M.J.; Chojnowski, J.L.; Cox, W.A.; Han, K-L.; Harshman, J.; Huddleston, C.J.; Marks, B.D.; Miglia, K.J.; Moore, W.S.; Sheldon, F.H.; Steadman, D.W.; Witt, C.C.; Yuri, T. (2008). „A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history”. Science. 320 (5884): 1763—1767. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805. doi:10.1126/science.1157704.

[7] Prum, R.O.; Berv, J.S.; Dornburg, A.; Field, D.J.; Townsend, J.P.; Lemmon, E.M.; Lemmon, A.R. (2015). „A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing”. Nature. 526 (7574): 569—573. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..569P. PMID 26444237. S2CID 205246158. doi:10.1038/nature15697.

[mikko-8] Mikko's Phylogeny Archive [1] Haaramo, Mikko (2007). „Gruiformes – cranes, rails, and relatives”. Pristupljeno 30. 12. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[9] Paleofile.com (net, info) „Archived copy”. Arhivirano iz originala 2016-01-11. g. Pristupljeno 2015-12-30. . „Taxonomic lists- Aves”. Arhivirano iz originala 11. 1. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 30. 12. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[Mayr_2016-10] Mayr, Gerald (2016). „On the taxonomy and osteology of the Early Eocene North American Geranoididae (Aves, Gruoidea)”. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 135 (2): 315—325. Bibcode:2016SwJP..135..315M. S2CID 87692869. doi:10.1007/s13358-016-0117-2.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

Normativna kontrola
Državne	Francuska BnF podaci Nemačka Izrael Sjedinjene Države Češka
Ostale	Enciklopedija Britanika