Eomanis

Eomanis; Vremenski raspon: 47.8–46.3 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ srednji eocen
	fosil vrste Eomanis waldi
	rekonstrukcija izgleda vrste; Eomanis waldi
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	Pholidota
Podred:	Eupholidota
Natporodica:	†Eomanoidea; Gaudin, 2009
Porodica:	†Eomanidae; Storch, 2003
Rod:	†Eomanis; Storch, 1978
Tipska vrsta
	†Eomanis waldi; Storch, 1978
Vrste
	†Eomanis waldi;

Eomanis (Eomanis — „rani ljuskavac”) je izumrli rod ljuskavaca, iz izumrle porodice Eomanidae (i izumrle natporodice Eomanoidea) unutar podreda Eupholidota, koji je u periodu srednjeg eocena nastanjivao područje Evrope.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Etimologija naziva

Porodica:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Eomanoidea	roda Eomanis i taksonomskog nastavka -oidea	rani ljuskavci

Porodica:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Eomanidae	tipskog roda Eomanis i taksonomskog nastavka -idae	rani ljuskavci

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Eomanis	starogrčke riječi eos (stgrč. ἕως), koja znači zora i roda ljuskavaca Manis	rani ljuskavac

Vrsta:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
E. waldi	roda Eomanis i ...	...

Opis

Vrsta Eomanis waldi je po svom izgledu i veličini nalikovala na današnje vrste ljuskavaca. Za razliku od današnjih vrsta, ova vrsta nije imala ljuske koje su pokrivale rep. Odrasla jedinaka je bila dužine oko 50 cm (od čega je 22 cm bila dužina repa). Lobanja ove vrste je bila duga 7,3 cm, izdužena i klinastog oblika (kada se gleda sa strane) sa ravnim pokrovom lobanje. Nosna kost je bila duga 2,9 cm i činila je 40% dužine lobanje, dok je čeona kost bila duga 1,9 cm. Kost obraza nisu u potpunosti formirane kao kod današnji ljuskavaca. Donja vilaca je bila duga 5 cm. Ova vrsta je imala male oči, dugi ljepljivi jezik i nije imala zube u vilicama.^[6]

Ponašanje i paleoekologija

Vrsta Eomanis waldi je bila sisar koji se hranio sa različitim vrstama mrava i termita, ali ponekad i sa drugim insektima, njihovim larvama i sa biljkama.^[7] Ova vrsta je znala gutati pjesak i skladištila ga u svom želucu, na što nam ukazuju fosili ove vrste. Ovaj pjesak je koristila pri drobljenju hrane u želucu, slično kao što to rade današnji mravojedi i današnji ljuskavci, jer ove životinje nemaju zube u vilicama sa kojima bi inače drobili hranu.

Sistematika

Klasifikacija

Natporodica: †Eomanoidea (Gaudin, 2009)
Porodica: †Eomanidae (Storch, 2003)
Rod: †*Eomanis* (Storch, 1978)
Vrsta:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†E. waldi (Storch, 1978)^[6]	Njemačka (opština Mesel u Hesenu)^[8]	47,8 do 46,3 mil. god.

Filogenija

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Eomanis.^[2]^[4]

Ferae

Pan-Carnivora

?

†Pantolesta

Pholidotamorpha

†Palaeanodonta

Pholidota

†Euromanis

?

†Pholidota sp. (BC 16’08)

†Afredentata

Eupholidota

Manoidea

†Eomanoidea

†Eomanidae

†Eomanis	†Eomanis waldi

sensu stricto

(Pholidota [sensu lato])

Vremenska rasprostranjenost roda Eomanis unutar podreda Eupholidota

Vidi još

Reference

^ Gerhard Storch (2003) "Fossil Old World "edentates" (Mammalia)." Senckenbergiana biologica 83 (1), pp. 51-60
^ ^a ^b ^v Gaudin, Timothy (28. 8. 2009). „The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis” (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media. 16 (4): 235—305. doi:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 25. 09. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 14. 5. 2015.
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ ^a ^b Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). „A nearly complete skeleton of Ernanodon (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 983—1001. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319.
^ Prothero, Donald R. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Prehistoric Mammals. Princeton University Press. str. 125. ISBN 9781400884452.
^ ^a ^b Gerhard Storch (1978) "Eomanis waldi, a pangolin from the Middle Eocene of the "Pit Messel" near Darmstadt (Mammalia: Pholidota)." Senckenbergiana lethaea 59 (4/6), pp. 503-529
^ Gotthard Richter (1987) "Studies on the diet of Eocene mammals from the Messel fossil site near Darmstadt." Courier Research Institute Senckenberg 91, pp. 1–33
^ Norbert Micklich; G. Gruber (2007). Messel - Treasures of the Eocene. Hessisches Landesmuseum darmstadt. ISBN 978-3-534-20456-4.

Literatura

Gerhard Storch (1978) "A pangolin from the Messel pit - on the paleobiology of a Central-Italian Manid." Nature and Museum 108 (10), pp. 301–307
Gerhard Storch (1981) "Eurotamandua joresi, a myrmecophagide from the Eocene of the "Messel Pit" near Darmstadt (Mammalia, Xenarthra)." Senckenbergiana lethaea 61, pp. 503-529
Wighart von Koenigswald, Gotthart Richter and Gerhard Storch (1981) "Detection of horn scales at Eomanis waldi from the "Messel Pit" near Darmstadt (Mammalia: Pholidota)." Senckenbergiana lethaea 61 (3/6), pp. 291-298
Cox, Barry; Savage, R.J.G.; Gardiner, Brian; Dixon, Dougal (1988). „Insectivores and creodonts”. Macmillan Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. Macmillan London Limited. str. 213. ISBN 0-333-48699-4.
Gerhard Storch and Gotthard Richter (1988) "Pangolin - 50 million years ago hardly different from today." In: S. Schaal and W. Ziegler (ed.): "Messel - A shop window into the history of the earth and life." Frankfurt am Main, pp. 203–207
Carroll, Robert L. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution (PDF). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. str. 1—698. ISBN 978-0-7167-1822-2.
Gerhard Storch and Thomas Martin (1994) "Eomanis krebsi, a new pangolin from the Middle Eocene of the Messel pit near Darmstadt (Mammalia: Pholidota)." Berlin Geoscientific Treatises E 13, pp. 83–97
Frederick S. Szalay and Friedemann Schrenk (1998) "The middle Eocene Eurotamandua and a Darwinian phylogenetic analysis." Kaupia 7, pp. 97–186
Palmer, D., ur. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. str. 209. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
Delsuc, Frédéric; Catzeflis, François M.; Stanhope, Michael J.; Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. (7. 8. 2001). „The evolution of armadillos, anteaters and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences (na jeziku: engleski). 268 (1476): 1605—1615. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1088784 . PMID 11487408. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1702.
Gerhard Storch: Pholidota, Schuppentiere, Tannenzapfentiere. In: Wilfried Westheide und Reinhard Rieger (eds.): Spezielle Zoologie. Teil 2: Wirbel - oder Schädeltiere. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart u. a. (2003), ISBN 3-8274-0900-4, S. 510–514.
Tom S. Kemp (2005) "The Origin & Evolution of Mammals." Oxford University Press, Oxford ISBN 0-19-850761-5
Rose, K. D. (2006). The Beginning of the Age of Mammals. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ISBN 978-0-8018-8472-6.
T. J. Gaudin, R. J. Emry and B. Pogue (2006) "A new genus and species of pangolin (Mammalia, Pholidota) from the Late Eocene of Inner Mongolia, China." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(1):146-159
Timothy J. Gaudin (2010) "Pholidota". In Lars Werdelin and William Joseph Sanders (eds.) "Cenozoic Mammals of Africa". University of California Press, Berkeley, London, New York, pp. 599–602
Kenneth D. Rose (2012) "The importance of Messel for interpreting Eocene Holarctic mammalian faunas." Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironments 92, pp. 631–647
D. M. Alba, A. S. Hammond, V. Vinuesa and I. Casanovas-Vilar (2018) "First record of a Miocene pangolin (Pholidota, Manoidea) from the Iberian Peninsula." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38(1):e1424716
Gregg F. Gunnell, Thomas Lehmann, Irina Ruf, Jörg Habersetzer, Michael Morlo and Kenneth D. Rose (2018) "Ferae - animals that eat other animals." In: Stephan FK Schaal, Krister T. Smith and Jörg Habersetzer (ed.): "Messel - a fossil tropical ecosystem." Senckenberg-Buch 79, Stuttgart, pp. 271–283

[1] Gerhard Storch (2003) "Fossil Old World "edentates" (Mammalia)." Senckenbergiana biologica 83 (1), pp. 51-60

[web2.utc.edu-2] v Gaudin, Timothy (28. 8. 2009). „The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis” (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media. 16 (4): 235—305. doi:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 25. 09. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 14. 5. 2015.

[McKenna_&_Bell-3] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[KondrashovAgadjanian2012-4] Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). „A nearly complete skeleton of Ernanodon (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 983—1001. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319.

[Prothero-5] Prothero, Donald R. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Prehistoric Mammals. Princeton University Press. str. 125. ISBN 9781400884452.

[Storch1978-6] Gerhard Storch (1978) "Eomanis waldi, a pangolin from the Middle Eocene of the "Pit Messel" near Darmstadt (Mammalia: Pholidota)." Senckenbergiana lethaea 59 (4/6), pp. 503-529

[7] Gotthard Richter (1987) "Studies on the diet of Eocene mammals from the Messel fossil site near Darmstadt." Courier Research Institute Senckenberg 91, pp. 1–33

[8] Norbert Micklich; G. Gruber (2007). Messel - Treasures of the Eocene. Hessisches Landesmuseum darmstadt. ISBN 978-3-534-20456-4.

[2]

[1]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]